{"TocInclude":false,"TocMaxLevel":3,"TocInsertBeforeId":null,"PdfFilePath":"L:\\Shared\\Development\\HTML Converter - Sample PDF Documents\\ISLG\\Common\\Dispute Document - sample PDFs\\UN-0152-07 - Yukos Capital v. Russia - Dissenting Opinion of Professor Brigitte Stern-1.pdf","DocumentUIN":"UN015207","OCR_Type":1,"BlockIdMax":110,"DocumentBlocks":{"74":{"pageIdStart":2,"pageIdEnd":2,"columnStart":97,"columnEnd":108,"xStart":117.12,"yStart":573.84,"xEnd":526.08,"yEnd":701.76,"text":"I will only examine here the loss incurred by Yukos Capital as a consequence of the fact that, under the December 2003 Loan, Yukos Capital did not receive some of the interest due on its Loan to Yukos Oil and that the Loan to Yukos Oil was not reimbursed by the latter. 1 will not deal with the August 2004 Loan, as I agree that it was made by the Claimant at a time when it was foreseeable that it would not be reimbursed and that the loss was therefore due to the deliberate decision of the Claimant to grant the Loan and was not a consequence of any action of the Respondent.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa4","paragraphLabel":"4.","rectangle":"233, 1146, 817, 255","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"2":{"pageIdStart":2,"pageIdEnd":2,"columnStart":230,"columnEnd":231,"xStart":271.99,"yStart":538.75,"xEnd":312.31,"yEnd":550.0,"text":"* * *","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"","paragraphLabel":"","rectangle":"543, 1076, 80, 22","alignment":1,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"3":{"pageIdStart":1,"pageIdEnd":1,"columnStart":5,"columnEnd":6,"xStart":261.96,"yStart":82.53,"xEnd":365.99,"yEnd":93.97,"text":"PCA Case No 2013-31","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":null,"paragraphLabel":null,"rectangle":"523, 164, 208, 23","alignment":1,"blockType":1,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"4":{"pageIdStart":1,"pageIdEnd":1,"columnStart":7,"columnEnd":9,"xStart":181.08,"yStart":121.0,"xEnd":448.58000000000004,"yEnd":158.12,"text":"
IN THE MATTER OF
AN ARBITRATION PURSUANT TO
ARTICLE 26 OF THE ENERGY CHARTER TREATY
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":null,"paragraphLabel":null,"rectangle":"361, 241, 535, 74","alignment":1,"blockType":1,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

IN THE MATTER OF

AN ARBITRATION PURSUANT TO

ARTICLE 26 OF THE ENERGY CHARTER TREATY

"},"5":{"pageIdStart":1,"pageIdEnd":1,"columnStart":10,"columnEnd":15,"xStart":121.53,"yStart":184.3,"xEnd":508.9,"yEnd":234.43,"text":"
BEFORE
A TRIBUNAL CONSTITUTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH
THE ARBITRATION RULES OF THE UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON
INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW OF 1976
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":null,"paragraphLabel":null,"rectangle":"242, 368, 774, 100","alignment":1,"blockType":1,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

BEFORE

A TRIBUNAL CONSTITUTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH

THE ARBITRATION RULES OF THE UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON

INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW OF 1976

"},"6":{"pageIdStart":1,"pageIdEnd":1,"columnStart":16,"columnEnd":16,"xStart":287.56,"yStart":261.06,"xEnd":342.26,"yEnd":272.38,"text":"- between-","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":null,"paragraphLabel":null,"rectangle":"574, 521, 109, 23","alignment":1,"blockType":1,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"7":{"pageIdStart":1,"pageIdEnd":1,"columnStart":17,"columnEnd":18,"xStart":221.3,"yStart":299.51,"xEnd":408.44,"yEnd":323.96,"text":"
YUKOS CAPITAL LIMITED
(formerly YUKOS CAPITAL S.A R.L.)
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":null,"paragraphLabel":null,"rectangle":"442, 598, 373, 49","alignment":1,"blockType":1,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

YUKOS CAPITAL LIMITED

(formerly YUKOS CAPITAL S.A R.L.)

"},"8":{"pageIdStart":1,"pageIdEnd":1,"columnStart":19,"columnEnd":19,"xStart":280.33,"yStart":337.49,"xEnd":350.13,"yEnd":348.90000000000003,"text":"(the Claimant)","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":null,"paragraphLabel":null,"rectangle":"560, 674, 139, 23","alignment":1,"blockType":1,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"9":{"pageIdStart":1,"pageIdEnd":1,"columnStart":20,"columnEnd":20,"xStart":300.94,"yStart":362.9,"xEnd":329.73,"yEnd":374.37,"text":"-and-","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":null,"paragraphLabel":null,"rectangle":"601, 725, 57, 22","alignment":1,"blockType":1,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"10":{"pageIdStart":1,"pageIdEnd":1,"columnStart":21,"columnEnd":21,"xStart":239.06,"yStart":388.89,"xEnd":391.74,"yEnd":400.33,"text":"THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":null,"paragraphLabel":null,"rectangle":"477, 776, 305, 23","alignment":0,"blockType":1,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"11":{"pageIdStart":1,"pageIdEnd":1,"columnStart":22,"columnEnd":23,"xStart":169.75,"yStart":415.31,"xEnd":460.81,"yEnd":426.02,"text":"(the Respondent and, together with the Claimant, the Parties)","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":null,"paragraphLabel":null,"rectangle":"339, 829, 581, 22","alignment":1,"blockType":1,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"(the Respondent and, together with the Claimant, the Parties)"},"12":{"pageIdStart":1,"pageIdEnd":1,"columnStart":24,"columnEnd":27,"xStart":162.83,"yStart":475.53,"xEnd":467.59999999999997,"yEnd":487.83,"text":"DISSENTING OPINION OF PROFESSOR BRIGITTE STERN ","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":null,"paragraphLabel":null,"rectangle":"325, 950, 609, 24","alignment":1,"blockType":1,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"DISSENTING OPINION OF PROFESSOR BRIGITTE STERN "},"13":{"pageIdStart":1,"pageIdEnd":1,"columnStart":28,"columnEnd":34,"xStart":193.36,"yStart":513.47,"xEnd":438.0,"yEnd":622.0600000000001,"text":"
Arbitral Tribunal
Professor Campbell Mclachlan QC (Chairman)
Mr J William Rowley QC
Professor Brigitte Stern

Mr Jack L W Wass, Assistant to the Tribunal

Ms Helen F Brown, Assistant Secretary to the Tribunal
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":null,"paragraphLabel":null,"rectangle":"386, 1025, 489, 217","alignment":1,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

Arbitral Tribunal

Professor Campbell Mclachlan QC (Chairman)

Mr J William Rowley QC

Professor Brigitte Stern


Mr Jack L W Wass, Assistant to the Tribunal


Ms Helen F Brown, Assistant Secretary to the Tribunal

"},"95":{"pageIdStart":1,"pageIdEnd":1,"columnStart":28,"columnEnd":46,"xStart":124.08,"yStart":639.36,"xEnd":493.20000000000005,"yEnd":767.5200000000001,"text":"

Claimant’s Counsel

Mr Cyrus Benson
Ms Penny Madden QC
Ms Ceyda Knoebel
Mr Piers Plumptre
Ms Sophy Helgeson
Ms Sasha Kobyasheva
Mr Theo Tyrrell
Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher UK LLP
                
Respondent’s Counsel

Lord Peter Goldsmith QC
Ms Samantha J Rowe
Ms Aimee-Jane Lee
Mr Conway Blake
Mr Maxim Osadchiy
Ms Monika Hlavkova 
Ms Sonja Sreckovic
Ms Svetlana Portman
Debevoise & Plimpton LLP





","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":null,"paragraphLabel":null,"rectangle":"247, 1277, 738, 256","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"


Claimant’s Counsel


Mr Cyrus Benson

Ms Penny Madden QC

Ms Ceyda Knoebel

Mr Piers Plumptre

Ms Sophy Helgeson

Ms Sasha Kobyasheva

Mr Theo Tyrrell

Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher UK LLP

                

Respondent’s Counsel


Lord Peter Goldsmith QC

Ms Samantha J Rowe

Ms Aimee-Jane Lee

Mr Conway Blake

Mr Maxim Osadchiy

Ms Monika Hlavkova 

Ms Sonja Sreckovic

Ms Svetlana Portman

Debevoise & Plimpton LLP






"},"15":{"pageIdStart":2,"pageIdEnd":2,"columnStart":76,"columnEnd":77,"xStart":88.36,"yStart":135.58,"xEnd":208.51999999999998,"yEnd":147.62,"text":"INTRODUCTION ","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"h","paragraphLabel":"I.","rectangle":"176, 270, 240, 24","alignment":0,"blockType":2,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"INTRODUCTION "},"71":{"pageIdStart":2,"pageIdEnd":2,"columnStart":56,"columnEnd":72,"xStart":118.08,"yStart":168.0,"xEnd":527.28,"yEnd":336.47999999999996,"text":"I am in agreement with large parts of the Award, as indicated in its operative part. My main disagreement with my esteemed colleagues concerns the way in which the majority has considered the loss incurred by Yukos Capital, as a consequence of the violation by the Russian State of its international obligations under the ECT. In my view, the decision of the majority results in [b]an unjust enrichment of Yukos Capital[/b]. It is quite striking for me that the majority of the Tribunal has decided to award Yukos Capital significant amounts of money which would never have been in its possession for more than a few hours if the course of events had been ‘business as usual’, [i]i.e[/i]., if the Respondent had not violated the ECT.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa1","paragraphLabel":"1.","rectangle":"235, 335, 818, 337","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"72":{"pageIdStart":2,"pageIdEnd":2,"columnStart":73,"columnEnd":93,"xStart":117.84,"yStart":359.28,"xEnd":526.56,"yEnd":447.59999999999997,"text":"This unfortunate outcome results, in my view, from the fact that the majority has not properly applied international law to the real economic facts of the case, but has instead created a fiction by relying on accounting valuation exercises that it bases on an incomplete and inaccurate picture of the economic business into which Yukos Capital had entered.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa2","paragraphLabel":"2.","rectangle":"235, 717, 816, 177","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"73":{"pageIdStart":2,"pageIdEnd":2,"columnStart":94,"columnEnd":96,"xStart":117.84,"yStart":471.12,"xEnd":526.32,"yEnd":519.12,"text":"In other words, Yukos Capital is now, with the Award adopted by the majority, in a much better position than the one it would have been without the illegal acts ofthe Respondent State: I do not think that this should be the goal of international arbitration.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa3","paragraphLabel":"3.","rectangle":"235, 941, 816, 96","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"75":{"pageIdStart":3,"pageIdEnd":3,"columnStart":120,"columnEnd":134,"xStart":126.48,"yStart":114.0,"xEnd":537.12,"yEnd":244.56,"text":"I start from the premise that the December 2003 Loan1 is an investment of Yukos Capital, as was decided by the majority in the Interim Award, and that the question is what, if anything, Yukos Capital has lost because of the actions of Russia. To be clear, I remain of the view that this premise — as framed by the majority — is wrong, as explained in my Dissenting Opinion annexed to the Interim Award. However, I want to explain here that even if it is considered that there is an investment made by Yukos Capital, the loss is very different from the one found by the majority.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa5","paragraphLabel":"5.","rectangle":"252, 227, 821, 261","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"I start from the premise that the December 2003 Loan1 is an investment of Yukos Capital, as was decided by the majority in the Interim Award, and that the question is what, if anything, Yukos Capital has lost because of the actions of Russia. To be clear, I remain of the view that this premise — as framed by the majority — is wrong, as explained in my Dissenting Opinion annexed to the Interim Award. However, I want to explain here that even if it is considered that there is an investment made by Yukos Capital, the loss is very different from the one found by the majority."},"76":{"pageIdStart":3,"pageIdEnd":3,"columnStart":136,"columnEnd":139,"xStart":126.48,"yStart":264.96,"xEnd":537.36,"yEnd":294.0,"text":"This Opinion will therefore concentrate on the following question: What is the loss of Yukos Capital?","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa6","paragraphLabel":"6.","rectangle":"252, 529, 821, 58","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"77":{"pageIdStart":3,"pageIdEnd":3,"columnStart":141,"columnEnd":166,"xStart":124.08,"yStart":316.8,"xEnd":535.68,"yEnd":567.1199999999999,"text":"In order to answer this crucial question for the decision on quantum, I will proceed in four steps. First, the facts of the case and the law to be applied have to be clearly ascertained. As far as the facts are concerned, I consider it unavoidable to look at the December 2003 Loan from Yukos Capital to Yukos Oil, not in isolation, as has been done by the majority, but as an element of a global economic endeavour. As far as the law is concerned, it is useful to restate the well-known general principles of international law concerning compensation in case of a violation of international law by a State. Second, I will analyse what would have been the situation if there had been no violation of international law, to understand what was the potential profit derived by Yukos Capital from its investment operation. Third, I will examine thoroughly what is the situation of Yukos Capital after the violations committed by Russia, to understand what was its true loss. Fourth, 1 will indicate what are, in my view, the main flaws, both factual and legal, of the majority’s approach.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa7","paragraphLabel":"7.","rectangle":"247, 632, 823, 501","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"In order to answer this crucial question for the decision on quantum, I will proceed in four steps. First, the facts of the case and the law to be applied have to be clearly ascertained. As far as the facts are concerned, I consider it unavoidable to look at the December 2003 Loan from Yukos Capital to Yukos Oil, not in isolation, as has been done by the majority, but as an element of a global economic endeavour. As far as the law is concerned, it is useful to restate the well-known general principles of international law concerning compensation in case of a violation of international law by a State. Second, I will analyse what would have been the situation if there had been no violation of international law, to understand what was the potential profit derived by Yukos Capital from its investment operation. Third, I will examine thoroughly what is the situation of Yukos Capital after the violations committed by Russia, to understand what was its true loss. Fourth, 1 will indicate what are, in my view, the main flaws, both factual and legal, of the majority’s approach."},"22":{"pageIdStart":3,"pageIdEnd":3,"columnStart":527,"columnEnd":532,"xStart":98.59,"yStart":592.92,"xEnd":363.64,"yEnd":604.12,"text":"[b]THE FACTUAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK[/b]","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"h","paragraphLabel":"II.","rectangle":"196, 1184, 530, 22","alignment":0,"blockType":2,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"23":{"pageIdStart":3,"pageIdEnd":3,"columnStart":533,"columnEnd":538,"xStart":98.86,"yStart":624.35,"xEnd":412.26,"yEnd":634.84,"text":"THE DESCRIPTION OF THE GLOBAL INVESTMENT OPERATION","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"hA.8","paragraphLabel":"A.","rectangle":"197, 1247, 626, 21","alignment":0,"blockType":2,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":true,"htmlEditorText":"THE DESCRIPTION OF THE GLOBAL INVESTMENT OPERATION"},"24":{"pageIdStart":3,"pageIdEnd":3,"columnStart":539,"columnEnd":557,"xStart":99.54,"yStart":653.55,"xEnd":536.24,"yEnd":684.55,"text":"As a point of departure of my analysis, I insist that in order to evaluate the entitlements of Yukos Capital, [b]a holistic approach is necessary[/b], analysing the Loan to Yukos Oil, in","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa8","paragraphLabel":"8.","rectangle":"198, 1305, 873, 62","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":true,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"25":{"pageIdStart":4,"pageIdEnd":4,"columnStart":583,"columnEnd":589,"xStart":121.29,"yStart":115.42,"xEnd":530.63,"yEnd":146.8,"text":"the general contractual framework of the other legal commitments with which they were intrinsically linked.2","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"","paragraphLabel":"","rectangle":"242, 230, 818, 63","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"the general contractual framework of the other legal commitments with which they were intrinsically linked.2"},"26":{"pageIdStart":3,"pageIdEnd":3,"columnStart":558,"columnEnd":569,"xStart":99.96,"yStart":719.99,"xEnd":536.1700000000001,"yEnd":740.76,"text":"Loan Agreement between Yukos Oil Company and Yuko s Capital S.a r.l. (2 December 2003) (December 2003 Loan Agreement) (C-9).","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn1","paragraphLabel":"1","rectangle":"199, 1438, 872, 41","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Loan Agreement between Yukos Oil Company and Yuko s Capital S.a r.l. (2 December 2003) (December 2003 Loan Agreement) (C-9)."},"27":{"pageIdStart":4,"pageIdEnd":4,"columnStart":590,"columnEnd":634,"xStart":94.02,"yStart":166.78,"xEnd":530.35,"yEnd":259.35,"text":"I indicate at the outset that this is a completely different situation from a loan made by one company to another after having itself borrowed money from a bank, the two operations being entirely distinct. A bank does not predetermine the use of the money by its borrower, and, even more importantly, a bank will never accept not to be repaid if the borrower is not repaid by the entity to which it happened to lend the money.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa9","paragraphLabel":"9.","rectangle":"187, 333, 872, 185","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"I indicate at the outset that this is a completely different situation from a loan made by one company to another after having itself borrowed money from a bank, the two operations being entirely distinct. A bank does not predetermine the use of the money by its borrower, and, even more importantly, a bank will never accept not to be repaid if the borrower is not repaid by the entity to which it happened to lend the money."},"28":{"pageIdStart":4,"pageIdEnd":4,"columnStart":635,"columnEnd":647,"xStart":94.69,"yStart":277.25,"xEnd":528.62,"yEnd":331.26,"text":"In fact, in what are called back-to-back loans, the Loan TO Yukos Capital preceded the Loan to Yukos Oil and entirely predetermined all the conditions of the global deal, and specifically all the parameters of the Loan FROM Yukos Capital to Yukos Oil.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa10","paragraphLabel":"10.","rectangle":"189, 553, 867, 108","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"In fact, in what are called back-to-back loans, the Loan TO Yukos Capital preceded the Loan to Yukos Oil and entirely predetermined all the conditions of the global deal, and specifically all the parameters of the Loan FROM Yukos Capital to Yukos Oil."},"29":{"pageIdStart":4,"pageIdEnd":4,"columnStart":648,"columnEnd":676,"xStart":93.32,"yStart":348.6,"xEnd":528.4499999999999,"yEnd":420.46000000000004,"text":"The purpose of the overall contractual scheme put in place in 2003 must not be overlooked: it was for Brittany, a BVI company, to lend money to Yukos Oil, a Russian company, through the intermediary of Yukos Capital, a Luxembourg company at the time of the events at issue in this case.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa11","paragraphLabel":"11.","rectangle":"186, 696, 869, 144","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"The purpose of the overall contractual scheme put in place in 2003 must not be overlooked: it was for Brittany, a BVI company, to lend money to Yukos Oil, a Russian company, through the intermediary of Yukos Capital, a Luxembourg company at the time of the events at issue in this case."},"30":{"pageIdStart":4,"pageIdEnd":4,"columnStart":677,"columnEnd":733,"xStart":92.47,"yStart":439.8,"xEnd":527.5,"yEnd":611.63,"text":"If we now look at the role of Yukos Capital in the back-to-back Agreements forming the investment operation, we see that Yukos Capital undertook to grant a Loan to Yukos Oil: this was the purpose of the December 2003 Loan Agreement.3 Since Yukos Capital had no money of its own for this operation, it used money borrowed from Brittany: this was the purpose of the Brittany Loan Agreement, dated a few days before on 20 November 2003.4 This first Agreement already identified the final recipient of the funds, and it was indicated in the Brittany Loan Agreement that the subsequent Loan from Yukos Capital to Yukos Oil was going to be performed by what was called 'Sub-Lending' for the same amount as the Brittany Loan:","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa12","paragraphLabel":"12.","rectangle":"184, 878, 869, 343","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"If we now look at the role of Yukos Capital in the back-to-back Agreements forming the investment operation, we see that Yukos Capital undertook to grant a Loan to Yukos Oil: this was the purpose of the December 2003 Loan Agreement.3 Since Yukos Capital had no money of its own for this operation, it used money borrowed from Brittany: this was the purpose of the Brittany Loan Agreement, dated a few days before on 20 November 2003.4 This first Agreement already identified the final recipient of the funds, and it was indicated in the Brittany Loan Agreement that the subsequent Loan from Yukos Capital to Yukos Oil was going to be performed by what was called 'Sub-Lending' for the same amount as the Brittany Loan:"},"31":{"pageIdStart":4,"pageIdEnd":4,"columnStart":734,"columnEnd":765,"xStart":144.09,"yStart":631.7,"xEnd":498.69,"yEnd":668.69,"text":"Borrower intends to provide a loan facility to OAO \"NK \"YUKOS\" [Yukos Oil], a company duly organized and validly existing under the laws of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as \"Sub-Borrower\"), such loan","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa12.a","paragraphLabel":"(a)","rectangle":"287, 1262, 709, 73","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":true,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Borrower intends to provide a loan facility to OAO \"NK \"YUKOS\" [Yukos Oil], a company duly organized and validly existing under the laws of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as \"Sub-Borrower\"), such loan"},"32":{"pageIdStart":5,"pageIdEnd":5,"columnStart":798,"columnEnd":825,"xStart":176.46,"yStart":111.77,"xEnd":504.74,"yEnd":146.68,"text":"facility to be granted shall not exceed 80'000'000'000-00 (Eighty billion) Russian Rubles, shall bear interest at the rate of 9% per annum and shall mature not later than 31st December 2008 ...5","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"","paragraphLabel":"","rectangle":"352, 223, 656, 70","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"facility to be granted shall not exceed 80'000'000'000-00 (Eighty billion) Russian Rubles, shall bear interest at the rate of 9% per annum and shall mature not later than 31st December 2008 ...5"},"33":{"pageIdStart":4,"pageIdEnd":4,"columnStart":766,"columnEnd":773,"xStart":89.14,"yStart":688.98,"xEnd":525.9,"yEnd":709.48,"text":"Loan Facility Agreement between Brittany Assets Ltd and Yukos Capital S.a r.l. (20 November 2003(Brittany Loan Agreement) (C-130).","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn2","paragraphLabel":"2","rectangle":"178, 1376, 872, 41","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Loan Facility Agreement between Brittany Assets Ltd and Yukos Capital S.a r.l. (20 November 2003(Brittany Loan Agreement) (C-130)."},"34":{"pageIdStart":4,"pageIdEnd":4,"columnStart":774,"columnEnd":777,"xStart":88.96,"yStart":716.42,"xEnd":224.73999999999998,"yEnd":726.62,"text":"December 2003 Loan Agreement.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn3","paragraphLabel":"3","rectangle":"177, 1431, 271, 20","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"35":{"pageIdStart":4,"pageIdEnd":4,"columnStart":778,"columnEnd":780,"xStart":88.91,"yStart":733.16,"xEnd":194.88,"yEnd":743.09,"text":"Brittany Loan Agreement.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn4","paragraphLabel":"4","rectangle":"177, 1464, 212, 20","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"36":{"pageIdStart":5,"pageIdEnd":5,"columnStart":826,"columnEnd":878,"xStart":96.5,"yStart":166.46,"xEnd":532.08,"yEnd":442.34,"text":"
Yukos Capital, in tum, was under the obligation to transmit the money received from
Brittany to Yukos Oil :
1. Definitions
…

Advance

Shall mean any advance made or to be made by Lender hereunder which Borrower undertakes to use for Sub-Lending.


2. Commitments

Lender agrees on the terms and conditions herein, to make available to Borrower a loan facility equal to the Facility amount ... in order to make feasible Sub-Lending by Borrower ...6
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa13","paragraphLabel":"13.","rectangle":"192, 332, 870, 551","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

Yukos Capital, in tum, was under the obligation to transmit the money received from

Brittany to Yukos Oil :

1. Definitions

…


Advance

Shall mean any advance made or to be made by Lender hereunder which Borrower undertakes to use for Sub-Lending.


2. Commitments

Lender agrees on the terms and conditions herein, to make available to Borrower a loan facility equal to the Facility amount ... in order to make feasible Sub-Lending by Borrower ...6

"},"37":{"pageIdStart":5,"pageIdEnd":5,"columnStart":879,"columnEnd":900,"xStart":99.32,"yStart":461.48,"xEnd":535.4,"yEnd":492.88,"text":"The interest to be paid by Yukos Capital to Brittany was '8,9375% per annum payable quarterly and on the Final Repayment date.'7","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa14","paragraphLabel":"14.","rectangle":"198, 921, 871, 63","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"The interest to be paid by Yukos Capital to Brittany was '8,9375% per annum payable quarterly and on the Final Repayment date.'7"},"38":{"pageIdStart":5,"pageIdEnd":5,"columnStart":901,"columnEnd":955,"xStart":99.96,"yStart":513.05,"xEnd":536.9499999999999,"yEnd":604.24,"text":"The interest to be paid by Yukos Oil to Yukos Capital under what would become the December 2003 Loan was also predetermined in the Brittany Loan Agreement, and was set at 9%.8 In other words, the money was going to flow from the Lender (Brittany) to the Borrower (Yukos Capital) and then from Yukos Capital (now the Sub-Lender) to Yukos Oil (now the Sub-Borrower).","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa15","paragraphLabel":"15.","rectangle":"199, 1024, 873, 183","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"The interest to be paid by Yukos Oil to Yukos Capital under what would become the December 2003 Loan was also predetermined in the Brittany Loan Agreement, and was set at 9%.8 In other words, the money was going to flow from the Lender (Brittany) to the Borrower (Yukos Capital) and then from Yukos Capital (now the Sub-Lender) to Yukos Oil (now the Sub-Borrower)."},"39":{"pageIdStart":5,"pageIdEnd":5,"columnStart":956,"columnEnd":964,"xStart":100.89,"yStart":681.95,"xEnd":538.24,"yEnd":703.11,"text":"Brittany Loan Agreement, preamble. See also id., clause I : ' Facility amount: Means 80' 000'000'000-00 (Eighty billion) Russian Rubles'.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn5","paragraphLabel":"5","rectangle":"201, 1362, 874, 42","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Brittany Loan Agreement, preamble. See also id., clause I : ' Facility amount: Means 80' 000'000'000-00 (Eighty billion) Russian Rubles'."},"40":{"pageIdStart":5,"pageIdEnd":5,"columnStart":965,"columnEnd":968,"xStart":100.9,"yStart":709.98,"xEnd":257.68,"yEnd":719.7099999999999,"text":"Brittany Loan Agreement, clauses 1.2.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn6","paragraphLabel":"6","rectangle":"201, 1418, 313, 19","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"41":{"pageIdStart":5,"pageIdEnd":5,"columnStart":969,"columnEnd":974,"xStart":101.4,"yStart":727.03,"xEnd":244.54000000000002,"yEnd":736.3399999999999,"text":"Brittany Loan Agreement, clause 1.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn7","paragraphLabel":"7","rectangle":"202, 1452, 286, 19","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Brittany Loan Agreement, clause 1."},"42":{"pageIdStart":5,"pageIdEnd":5,"columnStart":975,"columnEnd":983,"xStart":101.6,"yStart":743.68,"xEnd":442.22999999999996,"yEnd":752.98,"text":"See Brittany Loan Agreement, preamble; December 2003 Loan Agreement, clause 1.1.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn8","paragraphLabel":"8","rectangle":"202, 1485, 681, 19","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"See Brittany Loan Agreement, preamble; December 2003 Loan Agreement, clause 1.1."},"43":{"pageIdStart":6,"pageIdEnd":6,"columnStart":995,"columnEnd":1038,"xStart":96.89,"yStart":123.46,"xEnd":531.93,"yEnd":339.82,"text":"
The drawdown dates and the repayment dates of the December 2003 Loan were also predetermined in the Brittany Loan Agreement:

[Drawdown Date

Means the day when Borrower transfers funds to Sub-Borrower at the request of the latter under Sub-Lending Agreement.

…


Final Repayment date

2nd January 2009, which date may be either accelerated or postponed by mutual agreement in writing by the Parties hereto. Such Final Repayment date will not be later than one Business Day after the date on which the Sub-Lending is redeemed.9
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa16","paragraphLabel":"16.","rectangle":"193, 246, 869, 432","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

The drawdown dates and the repayment dates of the December 2003 Loan were also predetermined in the Brittany Loan Agreement:


[Drawdown Date


Means the day when Borrower transfers funds to Sub-Borrower at the request of the latter under Sub-Lending Agreement.


…


Final Repayment date

2nd January 2009, which date may be either accelerated or postponed by mutual agreement in writing by the Parties hereto. Such Final Repayment date will not be later than one Business Day after the date on which the Sub-Lending is redeemed.9

"},"44":{"pageIdStart":6,"pageIdEnd":6,"columnStart":1039,"columnEnd":1110,"xStart":97.03,"yStart":358.99,"xEnd":532.0600000000001,"yEnd":509.78999999999996,"text":"This indicates without the slightest possible doubt that the two legal instruments are to be construed as a single legal operation. Indeed, the drawdown date of the Brittany Loan is not the date when the funds are transferred from Brittany to Yukos Capital, as it should be if it were an independent loan, but the date when the funds reach Yukos Oil through the December 2003 Loan. Therefore, the interest to be paid on the Brittany Loan only starts to accrue from the date when the December 2003 Loan is performed, which is another way of saying that the money from Brittany accrued interest only when it reached the final intended recipient, i.e., Yukos Oil. ","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa17","paragraphLabel":"17.","rectangle":"193, 717, 869, 301","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"This indicates without the slightest possible doubt that the two legal instruments are to be construed as a single legal operation. Indeed, the drawdown date of the Brittany Loan is not the date when the funds are transferred from Brittany to Yukos Capital, as it should be if it were an independent loan, but the date when the funds reach Yukos Oil through the December 2003 Loan. Therefore, the interest to be paid on the Brittany Loan only starts to accrue from the date when the December 2003 Loan is performed, which is another way of saying that the money from Brittany accrued interest only when it reached the final intended recipient, i.e., Yukos Oil. "},"45":{"pageIdStart":6,"pageIdEnd":6,"columnStart":1111,"columnEnd":1178,"xStart":97.36,"yStart":530.18,"xEnd":532.49,"yEnd":661.15,"text":"In other words, the two Agreements are highly interlinked, as all the conditions of the second Agreement were already determined in the first Agreement. In fact and law, all the parameters of the obligation to dispose of the Brittany Loan to Yukos Capital in order to transfer it to Yukos Oil were pre-determined in the Brittany Loan: the identical amounts to be loaned, the rate of interest, the maturity date of the December 2003 Loan to Yukos Oil (31 December 2008) and the linked maturity date of the Brittany Loan to Yukos Capital (2 January 2009).","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa18","paragraphLabel":"18.","rectangle":"194, 1059, 869, 261","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"In other words, the two Agreements are highly interlinked, as all the conditions of the second Agreement were already determined in the first Agreement. In fact and law, all the parameters of the obligation to dispose of the Brittany Loan to Yukos Capital in order to transfer it to Yukos Oil were pre-determined in the Brittany Loan: the identical amounts to be loaned, the rate of interest, the maturity date of the December 2003 Loan to Yukos Oil (31 December 2008) and the linked maturity date of the Brittany Loan to Yukos Capital (2 January 2009)."},"46":{"pageIdStart":6,"pageIdEnd":6,"columnStart":1179,"columnEnd":1194,"xStart":97.66,"yStart":681.23,"xEnd":532.51,"yEnd":712.3299999999999,"text":"Therefore, it will be necessary to analyse these global contractual arrangements which predetermine the economics of the loan transactions for the different actors involved, and","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa19","paragraphLabel":"19.","rectangle":"195, 1360, 868, 63","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":true,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Therefore, it will be necessary to analyse these global contractual arrangements which predetermine the economics of the loan transactions for the different actors involved, and"},"47":{"pageIdStart":7,"pageIdEnd":7,"columnStart":1211,"columnEnd":1228,"xStart":126.24,"yStart":119.25,"xEnd":536.46,"yEnd":150.76,"text":"in particular to examine what economic interest Yukos Capital could draw from the investment operation in order to ascertain what its possible loss could be.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"","paragraphLabel":"","rectangle":"252, 238, 819, 63","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"48":{"pageIdStart":6,"pageIdEnd":6,"columnStart":1195,"columnEnd":1198,"xStart":95.87,"yStart":753.85,"xEnd":239.51000000000002,"yEnd":762.94,"text":"Brittany Loan Agreement, clause 1.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn9","paragraphLabel":"9","rectangle":"191, 1506, 287, 18","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"49":{"pageIdStart":7,"pageIdEnd":7,"columnStart":1229,"columnEnd":1235,"xStart":98.58,"yStart":170.95,"xEnd":536.14,"yEnd":201.95000000000002,"text":"However, before entering into this inquiry, it is appropriate to recall the international rules on compensation in the event of a violation of international law.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa20","paragraphLabel":"20.","rectangle":"196, 341, 875, 62","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"However, before entering into this inquiry, it is appropriate to recall the international rules on compensation in the event of a violation of international law."},"50":{"pageIdStart":7,"pageIdEnd":7,"columnStart":1236,"columnEnd":1241,"xStart":98.95,"yStart":228.42,"xEnd":396.72,"yEnd":239.88,"text":"THE UNCONTESTED PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW","indentLevel":2,"paragraphId":"hB.21","paragraphLabel":"B.","rectangle":"197, 456, 595, 23","alignment":0,"blockType":2,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":true,"htmlEditorText":"THE UNCONTESTED PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW"},"51":{"pageIdStart":7,"pageIdEnd":7,"columnStart":1242,"columnEnd":1354,"xStart":99.13,"yStart":259.22,"xEnd":537.79,"yEnd":438.90999999999997,"text":"
I hesitate to restate the well-known approach to the standard of reparation in case of damage caused by a violation of international law, which has been elaborated in the most quoted Chorzow Factory case, as reproduced in the Award in [760]:

The essential principle contained in the actual notion of an illegal act . .. is that reparation must, as far as possible, wipe out all the consequences of the illegal act and re-establish the situation which would, in all probability, have existed if that act had not been committed. Restitution in kind, or, if this is not possible, payment of a sum corresponding to the value which a restitution in kind would bear; the award, if need be, of damages for loss sustained which would not be covered by restitution in kind or payment in place of it - such are the principles which should serve to determine the amount of compensation due for an act contrary to international law.10
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa21","paragraphLabel":"21.","rectangle":"198, 517, 876, 359","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

I hesitate to restate the well-known approach to the standard of reparation in case of damage caused by a violation of international law, which has been elaborated in the most quoted Chorzow Factory case, as reproduced in the Award in [760]:


The essential principle contained in the actual notion of an illegal act . .. is that reparation must, as far as possible, wipe out all the consequences of the illegal act and re-establish the situation which would, in all probability, have existed if that act had not been committed. Restitution in kind, or, if this is not possible, payment of a sum corresponding to the value which a restitution in kind would bear; the award, if need be, of damages for loss sustained which would not be covered by restitution in kind or payment in place of it - such are the principles which should serve to determine the amount of compensation due for an act contrary to international law.10

"},"52":{"pageIdStart":7,"pageIdEnd":7,"columnStart":1355,"columnEnd":1391,"xStart":99.65,"yStart":458.9,"xEnd":537.3399999999999,"yEnd":565.32,"text":"
Of course, this theoretical approach has to be translated into figures; in other words, the damages have to be quantified. This is why the PCIJ had decided to ask experts to value the loss of the Oberschlesische, the company to which the Chorzów Factory belonged:

[I]n order to obtain further enlightenment in the matter, the Court, before giving any decision as to the compensation to be paid by the Polish Government to the German Government, will arrange for the holding of an expert enquiry . . .11
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa22","paragraphLabel":"22.","rectangle":"199, 916, 874, 213","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

Of course, this theoretical approach has to be translated into figures; in other words, the damages have to be quantified. This is why the PCIJ had decided to ask experts to value the loss of the Oberschlesische, the company to which the Chorzów Factory belonged:


[I]n order to obtain further enlightenment in the matter, the Court, before giving any decision as to the compensation to be paid by the Polish Government to the German Government, will arrange for the holding of an expert enquiry . . .11

"},"53":{"pageIdStart":7,"pageIdEnd":7,"columnStart":1392,"columnEnd":1411,"xStart":100.39,"yStart":585.02,"xEnd":537.9,"yEnd":616.35,"text":"Unfortunately, the PCIJ never had to deal with the results of the expert enquiry, as the parties entered into a settlement and the case did not go to the quantum phase.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa23","paragraphLabel":"23.","rectangle":"200, 1168, 874, 63","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"54":{"pageIdStart":7,"pageIdEnd":7,"columnStart":1412,"columnEnd":1428,"xStart":100.37,"yStart":636.55,"xEnd":538.38,"yEnd":667.5500000000001,"text":"As will be elaborated upon later, I consider that the majority has not properly applied these principles and has not granted compensation that could , as far as possible , 'wipe out","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa24","paragraphLabel":"24.","rectangle":"200, 1271, 875, 62","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":true,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"55":{"pageIdStart":8,"pageIdEnd":8,"columnStart":1463,"columnEnd":1470,"xStart":117.97,"yStart":120.65,"xEnd":527.0799999999999,"yEnd":151.69,"text":"all the consequences of the illegal act and re-establish the situation which would, in all probability, have existed' if the illegal act had not been performed.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"","paragraphLabel":"","rectangle":"235, 241, 817, 62","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"all the consequences of the illegal act and re-establish the situation which would, in all probability, have existed' if the illegal act had not been performed."},"56":{"pageIdStart":7,"pageIdEnd":7,"columnStart":1429,"columnEnd":1437,"xStart":101.15,"yStart":711.14,"xEnd":538.32,"yEnd":732.0400000000001,"text":"Case Concerning the Factory al Chorzów (Germany v Poland) [1928] PCIJ Series A, No . 17, Judgement No. 13 (13 September 1928), p .47 (CL-86).","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn10","paragraphLabel":"10","rectangle":"202, 1420, 873, 42","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Case Concerning the Factory al Chorzów (Germany v Poland) [1928] PCIJ Series A, No . 17, Judgement No. 13 (13 September 1928), p .47 (CL-86)."},"57":{"pageIdStart":7,"pageIdEnd":7,"columnStart":1438,"columnEnd":1446,"xStart":101.3,"yStart":738.99,"xEnd":537.84,"yEnd":769.21,"text":"Case Concerning the Factory al Chórzow (Germany v Poland) [1928] PCIJ Series A, No. 17, Judgement No. 13 (13 September 1928) , p. 51 (CL-86).","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn11","paragraphLabel":"11","rectangle":"202, 1476, 872, 60","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Case Concerning the Factory al Chórzow (Germany v Poland) [1928] PCIJ Series A, No. 17, Judgement No. 13 (13 September 1928) , p. 51 (CL-86)."},"78":{"pageIdStart":8,"pageIdEnd":8,"columnStart":460,"columnEnd":470,"xStart":118.56,"yStart":175.92,"xEnd":526.5600000000001,"yEnd":226.32,"text":"In order to ascertain the reparation that can ‘re-establish the situation which would, in all probability, have existed’ if the illegal act had not been performed, it is necessary to develop but-for scenarios, which is now common practice in investment arbitrations.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa25","paragraphLabel":"25.","rectangle":"236, 351, 815, 101","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"79":{"pageIdStart":8,"pageIdEnd":8,"columnStart":472,"columnEnd":479,"xStart":118.56,"yStart":246.96,"xEnd":527.28,"yEnd":335.28,"text":"The questions therefore are: first, what would have been the economic situation of Yukos Capital, without the breach that the Tribunal did find (the but-for scenario), and second, what is the economic situation of Yukos Capital, with the breach that the Tribunal did find (the actual scenario). If there is a difference, this will be the damage supported by Yukos Capital, all other circumstances being equal.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa26","paragraphLabel":"26.","rectangle":"236, 493, 817, 176","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"60":{"pageIdStart":8,"pageIdEnd":8,"columnStart":1547,"columnEnd":1560,"xStart":90.94,"yStart":360.4,"xEnd":527.93,"yEnd":385.62,"text":"THE BUT-FOR SCENARIO: WHAT WAS GOING TO BE THE PROFIT OF YUKOS CAPITAL?","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"h","paragraphLabel":"III.","rectangle":"181, 720, 873, 50","alignment":0,"blockType":2,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"61":{"pageIdStart":8,"pageIdEnd":8,"columnStart":1562,"columnEnd":1595,"xStart":91.04,"yStart":404.54,"xEnd":527.7900000000001,"yEnd":456.03000000000003,"text":"In order to fully understand what Yukos Capital might have lost, it is necessary to understand what it would have gained, in a situation in which there was no illegal act performed by the Respondent.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa27","paragraphLabel":"27.","rectangle":"181, 808, 873, 103","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"In order to fully understand what Yukos Capital might have lost, it is necessary to understand what it would have gained, in a situation in which there was no illegal act performed by the Respondent."},"62":{"pageIdStart":8,"pageIdEnd":8,"columnStart":1597,"columnEnd":1598,"xStart":91.26,"yStart":482.38,"xEnd":270.88,"yEnd":502.5,"text":"THE POSITIONS OF THE PARTIES ","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"h28","paragraphLabel":"A.","rectangle":"182, 963, 359, 40","alignment":0,"blockType":2,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":true,"htmlEditorText":"THE POSITIONS OF THE PARTIES "},"80":{"pageIdStart":8,"pageIdEnd":8,"columnStart":503,"columnEnd":532,"xStart":118.56,"yStart":516.0,"xEnd":527.52,"yEnd":655.44,"text":"
The Claimant has argued that the Tribunal should apply a but-for approach when dealing with the compensation to be granted to Yukos Capital. Its position is summarised in the Award, in [745], in the following way:
The Claimant advocates for a ‘but-for’ approach to reparation. While acknowledging that Article 13 of the ECT provides for a specific rule of compensation for expropriation, the Claimant contends that such rule does not cover reparation in case of a breach of Article 13, in which event it submits that customary international law requires that the Claimant be placed in the same position it would have been in had the wrongful acts not occurred. (Emphasis added)
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa28","paragraphLabel":"28.","rectangle":"236, 1030, 817, 279","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

The Claimant has argued that the Tribunal should apply a but-for approach when dealing with the compensation to be granted to Yukos Capital. Its position is summarised in the Award, in [745], in the following way:

The Claimant advocates for a ‘but-for’ approach to reparation. While acknowledging that Article 13 of the ECT provides for a specific rule of compensation for expropriation, the Claimant contends that such rule does not cover reparation in case of a breach of Article 13, in which event it submits that customary international law requires that the Claimant be placed in the same position it would have been in had the wrongful acts not occurred. (Emphasis added)

"},"64":{"pageIdStart":8,"pageIdEnd":8,"columnStart":1663,"columnEnd":1693,"xStart":91.88,"yStart":674.29,"xEnd":528.29,"yEnd":725.4699999999999,"text":"While the Respondent preferred to base its analysis of compensation on the FMV, it clearly acknowledged that, if the Tribunal were to apply a but-for analysis, the only entitlement of the Claimant would be the interest spread:","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa29","paragraphLabel":"29.","rectangle":"183, 1347, 872, 102","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":true,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"While the Respondent preferred to base its analysis of compensation on the FMV, it clearly acknowledged that, if the Tribunal were to apply a but-for analysis, the only entitlement of the Claimant would be the interest spread:"},"65":{"pageIdStart":9,"pageIdEnd":9,"columnStart":1708,"columnEnd":1760,"xStart":149.96,"yStart":114.04,"xEnd":506.48,"yEnd":227.02,"text":"
Yukos Capital's claim for damages is simply not met out on the \"but for\" or \"Counter Factual\", i.e., the situation that in all probability would have existed absent Respondent's alleged breach of the ECT. Yukos Capital would never have been entitled to the value of the Loans in their entirety, but merely the interest rate \"spread\" between ... the December 2003 Loan and the Brittany Loan ...12

... Even Claimant's preferred Chorzów Factory standard is of little avail to it because the but-for scenario only affords Claimant the spread between ... the December 2003 Loan and the Brittany Loan . . . 13
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"","paragraphLabel":"","rectangle":"299, 227, 712, 226","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

Yukos Capital's claim for damages is simply not met out on the \"but for\" or \"Counter Factual\", i.e., the situation that in all probability would have existed absent Respondent's alleged breach of the ECT. Yukos Capital would never have been entitled to the value of the Loans in their entirety, but merely the interest rate \"spread\" between ... the December 2003 Loan and the Brittany Loan ...12


... Even Claimant's preferred Chorzów Factory standard is of little avail to it because the but-for scenario only affords Claimant the spread between ... the December 2003 Loan and the Brittany Loan . . . 13

"},"66":{"pageIdStart":9,"pageIdEnd":9,"columnStart":1761,"columnEnd":1778,"xStart":96.75,"yStart":246.74,"xEnd":533.94,"yEnd":277.84,"text":"I will now analyse what would have been the situation without any breach by the Respondent State.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa30","paragraphLabel":"30.","rectangle":"193, 492, 873, 63","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"67":{"pageIdStart":9,"pageIdEnd":9,"columnStart":1779,"columnEnd":1781,"xStart":96.41,"yStart":303.15,"xEnd":443.39,"yEnd":315.54999999999995,"text":"THE REPAYMENT OF THE LOAN BY YUK0S OIL TO YUK0S CAPITAL ","indentLevel":2,"paragraphId":"hB.31","paragraphLabel":"B.","rectangle":"192, 605, 693, 25","alignment":0,"blockType":2,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":true,"htmlEditorText":"THE REPAYMENT OF THE LOAN BY YUK0S OIL TO YUK0S CAPITAL "},"68":{"pageIdStart":9,"pageIdEnd":9,"columnStart":1782,"columnEnd":1789,"xStart":96.65,"yStart":334.46,"xEnd":460.53999999999996,"yEnd":345.96,"text":"Here, two different scenarios were considered in the contractual scheme.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa31","paragraphLabel":"31.","rectangle":"193, 668, 727, 23","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"88":{"pageIdStart":9,"pageIdEnd":9,"columnStart":610,"columnEnd":630,"xStart":97.92,"yStart":417.84,"xEnd":534.24,"yEnd":520.56,"text":"
As soon as Yukos Capital received the capital back from Yukos Oil, it undertook to immediately transmit it back to Brittany:
3. Repayment

Borrower shall repay the amount outstanding within one Business Day upon redemption of any part of Sub-Lending.14
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa32","paragraphLabel":"32.","rectangle":"195, 834, 872, 205","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

As soon as Yukos Capital received the capital back from Yukos Oil, it undertook to immediately transmit it back to Brittany:

3. Repayment


Borrower shall repay the amount outstanding within one Business Day upon redemption of any part of Sub-Lending.14

"},"83":{"pageIdStart":9,"pageIdEnd":9,"columnStart":634,"columnEnd":634,"xStart":97.68,"yStart":712.08,"xEnd":271.68,"yEnd":716.64,"text":"Counter-Memorial, [425], emphasis added.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn12","paragraphLabel":"12","rectangle":"195, 1422, 347, 9","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"84":{"pageIdStart":9,"pageIdEnd":9,"columnStart":635,"columnEnd":635,"xStart":97.92,"yStart":729.12,"xEnd":171.36,"yEnd":733.44,"text":"Rejoinder, [505].","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn13","paragraphLabel":"13","rectangle":"195, 1456, 147, 9","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"85":{"pageIdStart":9,"pageIdEnd":9,"columnStart":636,"columnEnd":636,"xStart":97.68,"yStart":745.68,"xEnd":309.12,"yEnd":750.4799999999999,"text":"Brittany Loan Agreement, clause 3, emphasis added.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn14","paragraphLabel":"14","rectangle":"195, 1489, 422, 10","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},"86":{"pageIdStart":9,"pageIdEnd":9,"columnStart":631,"columnEnd":633,"xStart":97.68,"yStart":540.72,"xEnd":534.72,"yEnd":569.04,"text":"This is the scenario that would, in all probability, have occurred in the normal course of events, without a breach by the Respondent.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa33","paragraphLabel":"33.","rectangle":"195, 1080, 873, 56","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"This is the scenario that would, in all probability, have occurred in the normal course of events, without a breach by the Respondent."},"87":{"pageIdStart":9,"pageIdEnd":9,"columnStart":607,"columnEnd":609,"xStart":126.0,"yStart":374.16,"xEnd":534.48,"yEnd":395.52,"text":"Main scenario: Yukos Oil pays the interest and repays the capital of the Loan from Yukos Capital","indentLevel":2,"paragraphId":"h1.32","paragraphLabel":"1.","rectangle":"251, 747, 816, 43","alignment":0,"blockType":2,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Main scenario: Yukos Oil pays the interest and repays the capital of the Loan from Yukos Capital"},"89":{"pageIdStart":10,"pageIdEnd":10,"columnStart":648,"columnEnd":650,"xStart":116.4,"yStart":122.4,"xEnd":491.76,"yEnd":146.64000000000001,"text":"Alternative scenario: Yukos Oil does not pay the interest nor repay the capital of the Loan from Yukos Capital","indentLevel":2,"paragraphId":"h2.34","paragraphLabel":"2.","rectangle":"232, 244, 750, 48","alignment":0,"blockType":2,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":true,"htmlEditorText":"Alternative scenario: Yukos Oil does not pay the interest nor repay the capital of the Loan from Yukos Capital"},"90":{"pageIdStart":10,"pageIdEnd":10,"columnStart":653,"columnEnd":665,"xStart":116.16,"yStart":166.08,"xEnd":524.64,"yEnd":286.8,"text":"
The Agreements however also envisioned a less probable, but possible scenario. The situation in which Yukos Qil would not fulfil its obligation to repay the December 2003 Loan was also foreseen in the Brittany Loan Agreement:
5. Hedge

Notwithstanding the foregoing and for the avoidance of doubt Lender shall bear [b]all risks [/b]associated with Sub-Lending, including, but not limited to the following:
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa34","paragraphLabel":"34.","rectangle":"232, 331, 816, 241","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

The Agreements however also envisioned a less probable, but possible scenario. The situation in which Yukos Qil would not fulfil its obligation to repay the December 2003 Loan was also foreseen in the Brittany Loan Agreement:

5. Hedge


Notwithstanding the foregoing and for the avoidance of doubt Lender shall bear [b]all risks [/b]associated with Sub-Lending, including, but not limited to the following:

"},"91":{"pageIdStart":10,"pageIdEnd":10,"columnStart":666,"columnEnd":669,"xStart":143.04,"yStart":308.4,"xEnd":496.8,"yEnd":328.56,"text":"
Failure to pay, which means the failure by Sub-Borrower to make, when and where due, any payments under Sub-Lending Agreement;
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa34.a","paragraphLabel":"(a)","rectangle":"285, 616, 707, 40","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

Failure to pay, which means the failure by Sub-Borrower to make, when and where due, any payments under Sub-Lending Agreement;

"},"92":{"pageIdStart":10,"pageIdEnd":10,"columnStart":670,"columnEnd":671,"xStart":142.56,"yStart":350.4,"xEnd":249.6,"yEnd":360.24,"text":"
Sovereign risk, …
...
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa34.b","paragraphLabel":"(b)","rectangle":"284, 700, 214, 19","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

Sovereign risk, …

...

"},"93":{"pageIdStart":10,"pageIdEnd":10,"columnStart":674,"columnEnd":675,"xStart":142.32,"yStart":409.44,"xEnd":284.16,"yEnd":419.52,"text":"Foreign exchange risk, ...","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa34.c","paragraphLabel":"(c)","rectangle":"284, 817, 283, 21","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Foreign exchange risk, ..."},"94":{"pageIdStart":10,"pageIdEnd":10,"columnStart":677,"columnEnd":678,"xStart":142.32,"yStart":439.2,"xEnd":229.67999999999998,"yEnd":448.56,"text":"Tax risk,...\"15","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa34.d","paragraphLabel":"(d)","rectangle":"284, 877, 174, 19","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Tax risk,...\"15"},"96":{"pageIdStart":10,"pageIdEnd":10,"columnStart":684,"columnEnd":696,"xStart":87.84,"yStart":468.72,"xEnd":522.72,"yEnd":499.2,"text":"This indicates that all risks, even if not mentioned in clause 5, were assumed by Brittany.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa35","paragraphLabel":"35","rectangle":"175, 936, 869, 61","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"This indicates that all risks, even if not mentioned in clause 5, were assumed by Brittany."},"97":{"pageIdStart":10,"pageIdEnd":10,"columnStart":699,"columnEnd":704,"xStart":113.76,"yStart":520.32,"xEnd":522.72,"yEnd":608.16,"text":"As a consequence, if Yukos Oil did not reimburse the December 2003 Loan, it committed a failure to pay, and the risk was not assumed by Yukos Capital, but by Brittany. This means that, if the obligation of Yukos Oil to reimburse its debt to Yukos Capital was not respected, the concomitant obligation of Yukos Capital to reimburse its debt to Brittany was automatically cancelled.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa36","paragraphLabel":"36","rectangle":"227, 1039, 817, 175","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"As a consequence, if Yukos Oil did not reimburse the December 2003 Loan, it committed a failure to pay, and the risk was not assumed by Yukos Capital, but by Brittany. This means that, if the obligation of Yukos Oil to reimburse its debt to Yukos Capital was not respected, the concomitant obligation of Yukos Capital to reimburse its debt to Brittany was automatically cancelled."},"98":{"pageIdStart":10,"pageIdEnd":10,"columnStart":707,"columnEnd":711,"xStart":113.52,"yStart":631.68,"xEnd":522.24,"yEnd":699.84,"text":"In other words, the obligation of Yukos Capital to transfer the money back to Brittany was without a sanction in circumstances where the obligation was not fulfilled due to the non-fulfilment of its own obligation by Yukos Oil. This was indeed acknowledged in the Interim Award:","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa37","paragraphLabel":"37","rectangle":"226, 1261, 817, 137","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":true,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"In other words, the obligation of Yukos Capital to transfer the money back to Brittany was without a sanction in circumstances where the obligation was not fulfilled due to the non-fulfilment of its own obligation by Yukos Oil. This was indeed acknowledged in the Interim Award:"},"100":{"pageIdStart":10,"pageIdEnd":10,"columnStart":713,"columnEnd":713,"xStart":86.64,"yStart":751.44,"xEnd":297.12,"yEnd":755.7600000000001,"text":"Brittany Loan Agreement, clause 5, emphasis added.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn15","paragraphLabel":"15","rectangle":"173, 1501, 420, 8","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Brittany Loan Agreement, clause 5, emphasis added."},"101":{"pageIdStart":11,"pageIdEnd":11,"columnStart":725,"columnEnd":732,"xStart":150.24,"yStart":116.4,"xEnd":505.68000000000006,"yEnd":162.96,"text":"
Undoubtedly, Yukos Capital’s obligation to repay Brittany only arose if and to the extent that Yukos Oil repaid its debt to Yukos Capital. As between Brittany and Yukos Capital, it is Brittany that bears the risk of default associated with Yukos Capital’s loan to Yukos Oil, in terms of Yukos Oil’s failure to pay ...16
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"","paragraphLabel":"","rectangle":"300, 232, 710, 93","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

Undoubtedly, Yukos Capital’s obligation to repay Brittany only arose if and to the extent that Yukos Oil repaid its debt to Yukos Capital. As between Brittany and Yukos Capital, it is Brittany that bears the risk of default associated with Yukos Capital’s loan to Yukos Oil, in terms of Yukos Oil’s failure to pay ...16

"},"102":{"pageIdStart":11,"pageIdEnd":11,"columnStart":733,"columnEnd":745,"xStart":96.0,"yStart":183.12,"xEnd":505.68,"yEnd":301.2,"text":"

The same understanding was reiterated by the President during the Hearing:

CHAIRMAN McLACHLAN: ... my understanding ... is that the effect of these Agreements was that Yukos Capital was under no obligation to make a repayment to Hedgerow and Brittany unless and until a repayment was made by Yukos Oil to Yukos Capital, and that’s reflected in Clauses 3 and 5 of the Agreement. Is that your commercial understanding of the structure here?


MR. GODFREY: Broadly speaking, yes.17

","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa38","paragraphLabel":"38","rectangle":"191, 365, 819, 236","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

The same understanding was reiterated by the President during the Hearing:

CHAIRMAN McLACHLAN: ... my understanding ... is that the effect of these Agreements was that Yukos Capital was under no obligation to make a repayment to Hedgerow and Brittany unless and until a repayment was made by Yukos Oil to Yukos Capital, and that’s reflected in Clauses 3 and 5 of the Agreement. Is that your commercial understanding of the structure here?


MR. GODFREY: Broadly speaking, yes.17

"},"103":{"pageIdStart":11,"pageIdEnd":11,"columnStart":746,"columnEnd":746,"xStart":122.64,"yStart":324.0,"xEnd":349.2,"yEnd":332.4,"text":"HOW WAS THIS GOING TO WORK CONCRETELY?","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"hC.39","paragraphLabel":"C","rectangle":"245, 647, 452, 17","alignment":0,"blockType":2,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":true,"htmlEditorText":"HOW WAS THIS GOING TO WORK CONCRETELY?"},"104":{"pageIdStart":11,"pageIdEnd":11,"columnStart":747,"columnEnd":759,"xStart":95.52,"yStart":354.24,"xEnd":531.84,"yEnd":385.44,"text":"In practical terms, what would have happened if the Agreements would have been performed in the absence of a violation?","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa39","paragraphLabel":"39.","rectangle":"190, 707, 872, 63","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"In practical terms, what would have happened if the Agreements would have been performed in the absence of a violation?"},"105":{"pageIdStart":11,"pageIdEnd":11,"columnStart":761,"columnEnd":769,"xStart":122.16,"yStart":405.6,"xEnd":532.32,"yEnd":474.0,"text":"First step: Yukos Capital receives the money from Brittany under the Brittany Loan Agreement. The interest rate for this Loan was 8,9375%. The second step was already foreseen in this Agreement, including the interest rate at which Yukos Capital was going to loan the money to Yukos Oil, which was 9%.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa40","paragraphLabel":"40.","rectangle":"244, 810, 819, 136","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"First step: Yukos Capital receives the money from Brittany under the Brittany Loan Agreement. The interest rate for this Loan was 8,9375%. The second step was already foreseen in this Agreement, including the interest rate at which Yukos Capital was going to loan the money to Yukos Oil, which was 9%."},"106":{"pageIdStart":11,"pageIdEnd":11,"columnStart":771,"columnEnd":781,"xStart":122.4,"yStart":497.28,"xEnd":531.84,"yEnd":528.0,"text":"Second step: Yukos Capital has the obligation to transmit the money received from Brittany to Yukos Oil.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa41","paragraphLabel":"41.","rectangle":"244, 993, 818, 61","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Second step: Yukos Capital has the obligation to transmit the money received from Brittany to Yukos Oil."},"107":{"pageIdStart":11,"pageIdEnd":11,"columnStart":783,"columnEnd":807,"xStart":122.16,"yStart":548.64,"xEnd":532.08,"yEnd":697.2,"text":"Third step in the most probable main scenario: If Yukos Oil repays 9% interest to Yukos Capital, the latter has to pay 8,9375% interest to Brittany, this operation being made quarterly. In that case, Yukos Capital has earned the difference between the interest rate in the December 2003 Loan Agreement and in the Brittany Loan Agreement: 9% - 8,9375% = 0.0625%, called the ‘spread’. If Yukos Oil was going to reimburse its December 2003 Loan to Yukos Capital, the latter had to transmit the equivalent amount of money within one business day to Brittany, which means that in the but-for scenario Yukos Capital was not entitled to keep the property of the money lent.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa42","paragraphLabel":"42.","rectangle":"244, 1096, 818, 296","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Third step in the most probable main scenario: If Yukos Oil repays 9% interest to Yukos Capital, the latter has to pay 8,9375% interest to Brittany, this operation being made quarterly. In that case, Yukos Capital has earned the difference between the interest rate in the December 2003 Loan Agreement and in the Brittany Loan Agreement: 9% - 8,9375% = 0.0625%, called the ‘spread’. If Yukos Oil was going to reimburse its December 2003 Loan to Yukos Capital, the latter had to transmit the equivalent amount of money within one business day to Brittany, which means that in the but-for scenario Yukos Capital was not entitled to keep the property of the money lent."},"109":{"pageIdStart":11,"pageIdEnd":11,"columnStart":808,"columnEnd":808,"xStart":95.52,"yStart":735.84,"xEnd":361.91999999999996,"yEnd":740.1600000000001,"text":"Interim Award, [504], emphasis added, internal references omitted.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn16","paragraphLabel":"16","rectangle":"190, 1470, 533, 8","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Interim Award, [504], emphasis added, internal references omitted."},"110":{"pageIdStart":11,"pageIdEnd":11,"columnStart":809,"columnEnd":809,"xStart":95.52,"yStart":752.4,"xEnd":216.24,"yEnd":760.3199999999999,"text":"T2/370/25-371/10 (Godfrey).","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn17","paragraphLabel":"17","rectangle":"190, 1503, 241, 15","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"T2/370/25-371/10 (Godfrey)."}},"RectanglesPdf":{"1":"219, 28, 213, 16","2":"456, 29, 147, 15","3":"627, 28, 148, 16","4":"799, 29, 172, 20","5":"524, 172, 207, 15","6":"520, 248, 216, 15","7":"449, 274, 358, 15","8":"363, 300, 532, 16","9":"584, 375, 89, 16","10":"344, 403, 570, 15","11":"244, 428, 772, 16","12":"420, 452, 417, 16","13":"672, 538, 12, 1","14":"576, 539, 89, 1","15":"486, 606, 287, 16","16":"444, 632, 372, 20","17":"562, 683, 136, 20","18":"602, 742, 55, 2","19":"479, 785, 302, 15","20":"340, 836, 580, 20","21":"326, 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IN THE MATTER OF
AN ARBITRATION PURSUANT TO
ARTICLE 26 OF THE ENERGY CHARTER TREATY
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IN THE MATTER OF

AN ARBITRATION PURSUANT TO

ARTICLE 26 OF THE ENERGY CHARTER TREATY

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BEFORE
A TRIBUNAL CONSTITUTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH
THE ARBITRATION RULES OF THE UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON
INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW OF 1976
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BEFORE

A TRIBUNAL CONSTITUTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH

THE ARBITRATION RULES OF THE UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON

INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW OF 1976

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YUKOS CAPITAL LIMITED
(formerly YUKOS CAPITAL S.A R.L.)
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YUKOS CAPITAL LIMITED

(formerly YUKOS CAPITAL S.A R.L.)

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Arbitral Tribunal
Professor Campbell Mclachlan QC (Chairman)
Mr J William Rowley QC
Professor Brigitte Stern

Mr Jack L W Wass, Assistant to the Tribunal

Ms Helen F Brown, Assistant Secretary to the Tribunal
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Arbitral Tribunal

Professor Campbell Mclachlan QC (Chairman)

Mr J William Rowley QC

Professor Brigitte Stern


Mr Jack L W Wass, Assistant to the Tribunal


Ms Helen F Brown, Assistant Secretary to the Tribunal

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Claimant’s Counsel

Mr Cyrus Benson
Ms Penny Madden QC
Ms Ceyda Knoebel
Mr Piers Plumptre
Ms Sophy Helgeson
Ms Sasha Kobyasheva
Mr Theo Tyrrell
Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher UK LLP
                
Respondent’s Counsel

Lord Peter Goldsmith QC
Ms Samantha J Rowe
Ms Aimee-Jane Lee
Mr Conway Blake
Mr Maxim Osadchiy
Ms Monika Hlavkova 
Ms Sonja Sreckovic
Ms Svetlana Portman
Debevoise & Plimpton LLP





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Claimant’s Counsel


Mr Cyrus Benson

Ms Penny Madden QC

Ms Ceyda Knoebel

Mr Piers Plumptre

Ms Sophy Helgeson

Ms Sasha Kobyasheva

Mr Theo Tyrrell

Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher UK LLP

                

Respondent’s Counsel


Lord Peter Goldsmith QC

Ms Samantha J Rowe

Ms Aimee-Jane Lee

Mr Conway Blake

Mr Maxim Osadchiy

Ms Monika Hlavkova 

Ms Sonja Sreckovic

Ms Svetlana Portman

Debevoise & Plimpton LLP






"},{"pageIdStart":2,"pageIdEnd":2,"columnStart":76,"columnEnd":77,"xStart":88.36,"yStart":135.58,"xEnd":208.51999999999998,"yEnd":147.62,"text":"INTRODUCTION ","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"h","paragraphLabel":"I.","rectangle":"176, 270, 240, 24","alignment":0,"blockType":2,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"INTRODUCTION "},{"pageIdStart":2,"pageIdEnd":2,"columnStart":56,"columnEnd":72,"xStart":118.08,"yStart":168.0,"xEnd":527.28,"yEnd":336.47999999999996,"text":"I am in agreement with large parts of the Award, as indicated in its operative part. My main disagreement with my esteemed colleagues concerns the way in which the majority has considered the loss incurred by Yukos Capital, as a consequence of the violation by the Russian State of its international obligations under the ECT. In my view, the decision of the majority results in [b]an unjust enrichment of Yukos Capital[/b]. It is quite striking for me that the majority of the Tribunal has decided to award Yukos Capital significant amounts of money which would never have been in its possession for more than a few hours if the course of events had been ‘business as usual’, [i]i.e[/i]., if the Respondent had not violated the ECT.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa1","paragraphLabel":"1.","rectangle":"235, 335, 818, 337","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":2,"pageIdEnd":2,"columnStart":73,"columnEnd":93,"xStart":117.84,"yStart":359.28,"xEnd":526.56,"yEnd":447.59999999999997,"text":"This unfortunate outcome results, in my view, from the fact that the majority has not properly applied international law to the real economic facts of the case, but has instead created a fiction by relying on accounting valuation exercises that it bases on an incomplete and inaccurate picture of the economic business into which Yukos Capital had entered.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa2","paragraphLabel":"2.","rectangle":"235, 717, 816, 177","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":2,"pageIdEnd":2,"columnStart":94,"columnEnd":96,"xStart":117.84,"yStart":471.12,"xEnd":526.32,"yEnd":519.12,"text":"In other words, Yukos Capital is now, with the Award adopted by the majority, in a much better position than the one it would have been without the illegal acts ofthe Respondent State: I do not think that this should be the goal of international arbitration.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa3","paragraphLabel":"3.","rectangle":"235, 941, 816, 96","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":2,"pageIdEnd":2,"columnStart":230,"columnEnd":231,"xStart":271.99,"yStart":538.75,"xEnd":312.31,"yEnd":550.0,"text":"* * *","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"","paragraphLabel":"","rectangle":"543, 1076, 80, 22","alignment":1,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":2,"pageIdEnd":2,"columnStart":97,"columnEnd":108,"xStart":117.12,"yStart":573.84,"xEnd":526.08,"yEnd":701.76,"text":"I will only examine here the loss incurred by Yukos Capital as a consequence of the fact that, under the December 2003 Loan, Yukos Capital did not receive some of the interest due on its Loan to Yukos Oil and that the Loan to Yukos Oil was not reimbursed by the latter. 1 will not deal with the August 2004 Loan, as I agree that it was made by the Claimant at a time when it was foreseeable that it would not be reimbursed and that the loss was therefore due to the deliberate decision of the Claimant to grant the Loan and was not a consequence of any action of the Respondent.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa4","paragraphLabel":"4.","rectangle":"233, 1146, 817, 255","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":3,"pageIdEnd":3,"columnStart":120,"columnEnd":134,"xStart":126.48,"yStart":114.0,"xEnd":537.12,"yEnd":244.56,"text":"I start from the premise that the December 2003 Loan1 is an investment of Yukos Capital, as was decided by the majority in the Interim Award, and that the question is what, if anything, Yukos Capital has lost because of the actions of Russia. To be clear, I remain of the view that this premise — as framed by the majority — is wrong, as explained in my Dissenting Opinion annexed to the Interim Award. However, I want to explain here that even if it is considered that there is an investment made by Yukos Capital, the loss is very different from the one found by the majority.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa5","paragraphLabel":"5.","rectangle":"252, 227, 821, 261","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"I start from the premise that the December 2003 Loan1 is an investment of Yukos Capital, as was decided by the majority in the Interim Award, and that the question is what, if anything, Yukos Capital has lost because of the actions of Russia. To be clear, I remain of the view that this premise — as framed by the majority — is wrong, as explained in my Dissenting Opinion annexed to the Interim Award. However, I want to explain here that even if it is considered that there is an investment made by Yukos Capital, the loss is very different from the one found by the majority."},{"pageIdStart":3,"pageIdEnd":3,"columnStart":136,"columnEnd":139,"xStart":126.48,"yStart":264.96,"xEnd":537.36,"yEnd":294.0,"text":"This Opinion will therefore concentrate on the following question: What is the loss of Yukos Capital?","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa6","paragraphLabel":"6.","rectangle":"252, 529, 821, 58","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":3,"pageIdEnd":3,"columnStart":141,"columnEnd":166,"xStart":124.08,"yStart":316.8,"xEnd":535.68,"yEnd":567.1199999999999,"text":"In order to answer this crucial question for the decision on quantum, I will proceed in four steps. First, the facts of the case and the law to be applied have to be clearly ascertained. As far as the facts are concerned, I consider it unavoidable to look at the December 2003 Loan from Yukos Capital to Yukos Oil, not in isolation, as has been done by the majority, but as an element of a global economic endeavour. As far as the law is concerned, it is useful to restate the well-known general principles of international law concerning compensation in case of a violation of international law by a State. Second, I will analyse what would have been the situation if there had been no violation of international law, to understand what was the potential profit derived by Yukos Capital from its investment operation. Third, I will examine thoroughly what is the situation of Yukos Capital after the violations committed by Russia, to understand what was its true loss. Fourth, 1 will indicate what are, in my view, the main flaws, both factual and legal, of the majority’s approach.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa7","paragraphLabel":"7.","rectangle":"247, 632, 823, 501","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"In order to answer this crucial question for the decision on quantum, I will proceed in four steps. First, the facts of the case and the law to be applied have to be clearly ascertained. As far as the facts are concerned, I consider it unavoidable to look at the December 2003 Loan from Yukos Capital to Yukos Oil, not in isolation, as has been done by the majority, but as an element of a global economic endeavour. As far as the law is concerned, it is useful to restate the well-known general principles of international law concerning compensation in case of a violation of international law by a State. Second, I will analyse what would have been the situation if there had been no violation of international law, to understand what was the potential profit derived by Yukos Capital from its investment operation. Third, I will examine thoroughly what is the situation of Yukos Capital after the violations committed by Russia, to understand what was its true loss. Fourth, 1 will indicate what are, in my view, the main flaws, both factual and legal, of the majority’s approach."},{"pageIdStart":3,"pageIdEnd":3,"columnStart":527,"columnEnd":532,"xStart":98.59,"yStart":592.92,"xEnd":363.64,"yEnd":604.12,"text":"[b]THE FACTUAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK[/b]","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"h","paragraphLabel":"II.","rectangle":"196, 1184, 530, 22","alignment":0,"blockType":2,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":3,"pageIdEnd":3,"columnStart":533,"columnEnd":538,"xStart":98.86,"yStart":624.35,"xEnd":412.26,"yEnd":634.84,"text":"THE DESCRIPTION OF THE GLOBAL INVESTMENT OPERATION","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"hA.8","paragraphLabel":"A.","rectangle":"197, 1247, 626, 21","alignment":0,"blockType":2,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":true,"htmlEditorText":"THE DESCRIPTION OF THE GLOBAL INVESTMENT OPERATION"},{"pageIdStart":3,"pageIdEnd":3,"columnStart":539,"columnEnd":557,"xStart":99.54,"yStart":653.55,"xEnd":536.24,"yEnd":684.55,"text":"As a point of departure of my analysis, I insist that in order to evaluate the entitlements of Yukos Capital, [b]a holistic approach is necessary[/b], analysing the Loan to Yukos Oil, in","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa8","paragraphLabel":"8.","rectangle":"198, 1305, 873, 62","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":true,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":3,"pageIdEnd":3,"columnStart":558,"columnEnd":569,"xStart":99.96,"yStart":719.99,"xEnd":536.1700000000001,"yEnd":740.76,"text":"Loan Agreement between Yukos Oil Company and Yuko s Capital S.a r.l. (2 December 2003) (December 2003 Loan Agreement) (C-9).","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn1","paragraphLabel":"1","rectangle":"199, 1438, 872, 41","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Loan Agreement between Yukos Oil Company and Yuko s Capital S.a r.l. (2 December 2003) (December 2003 Loan Agreement) (C-9)."},{"pageIdStart":4,"pageIdEnd":4,"columnStart":583,"columnEnd":589,"xStart":121.29,"yStart":115.42,"xEnd":530.63,"yEnd":146.8,"text":"the general contractual framework of the other legal commitments with which they were intrinsically linked.2","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"","paragraphLabel":"","rectangle":"242, 230, 818, 63","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"the general contractual framework of the other legal commitments with which they were intrinsically linked.2"},{"pageIdStart":4,"pageIdEnd":4,"columnStart":590,"columnEnd":634,"xStart":94.02,"yStart":166.78,"xEnd":530.35,"yEnd":259.35,"text":"I indicate at the outset that this is a completely different situation from a loan made by one company to another after having itself borrowed money from a bank, the two operations being entirely distinct. A bank does not predetermine the use of the money by its borrower, and, even more importantly, a bank will never accept not to be repaid if the borrower is not repaid by the entity to which it happened to lend the money.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa9","paragraphLabel":"9.","rectangle":"187, 333, 872, 185","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"I indicate at the outset that this is a completely different situation from a loan made by one company to another after having itself borrowed money from a bank, the two operations being entirely distinct. A bank does not predetermine the use of the money by its borrower, and, even more importantly, a bank will never accept not to be repaid if the borrower is not repaid by the entity to which it happened to lend the money."},{"pageIdStart":4,"pageIdEnd":4,"columnStart":635,"columnEnd":647,"xStart":94.69,"yStart":277.25,"xEnd":528.62,"yEnd":331.26,"text":"In fact, in what are called back-to-back loans, the Loan TO Yukos Capital preceded the Loan to Yukos Oil and entirely predetermined all the conditions of the global deal, and specifically all the parameters of the Loan FROM Yukos Capital to Yukos Oil.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa10","paragraphLabel":"10.","rectangle":"189, 553, 867, 108","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"In fact, in what are called back-to-back loans, the Loan TO Yukos Capital preceded the Loan to Yukos Oil and entirely predetermined all the conditions of the global deal, and specifically all the parameters of the Loan FROM Yukos Capital to Yukos Oil."},{"pageIdStart":4,"pageIdEnd":4,"columnStart":648,"columnEnd":676,"xStart":93.32,"yStart":348.6,"xEnd":528.4499999999999,"yEnd":420.46000000000004,"text":"The purpose of the overall contractual scheme put in place in 2003 must not be overlooked: it was for Brittany, a BVI company, to lend money to Yukos Oil, a Russian company, through the intermediary of Yukos Capital, a Luxembourg company at the time of the events at issue in this case.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa11","paragraphLabel":"11.","rectangle":"186, 696, 869, 144","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"The purpose of the overall contractual scheme put in place in 2003 must not be overlooked: it was for Brittany, a BVI company, to lend money to Yukos Oil, a Russian company, through the intermediary of Yukos Capital, a Luxembourg company at the time of the events at issue in this case."},{"pageIdStart":4,"pageIdEnd":4,"columnStart":677,"columnEnd":733,"xStart":92.47,"yStart":439.8,"xEnd":527.5,"yEnd":611.63,"text":"If we now look at the role of Yukos Capital in the back-to-back Agreements forming the investment operation, we see that Yukos Capital undertook to grant a Loan to Yukos Oil: this was the purpose of the December 2003 Loan Agreement.3 Since Yukos Capital had no money of its own for this operation, it used money borrowed from Brittany: this was the purpose of the Brittany Loan Agreement, dated a few days before on 20 November 2003.4 This first Agreement already identified the final recipient of the funds, and it was indicated in the Brittany Loan Agreement that the subsequent Loan from Yukos Capital to Yukos Oil was going to be performed by what was called 'Sub-Lending' for the same amount as the Brittany Loan:","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa12","paragraphLabel":"12.","rectangle":"184, 878, 869, 343","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"If we now look at the role of Yukos Capital in the back-to-back Agreements forming the investment operation, we see that Yukos Capital undertook to grant a Loan to Yukos Oil: this was the purpose of the December 2003 Loan Agreement.3 Since Yukos Capital had no money of its own for this operation, it used money borrowed from Brittany: this was the purpose of the Brittany Loan Agreement, dated a few days before on 20 November 2003.4 This first Agreement already identified the final recipient of the funds, and it was indicated in the Brittany Loan Agreement that the subsequent Loan from Yukos Capital to Yukos Oil was going to be performed by what was called 'Sub-Lending' for the same amount as the Brittany Loan:"},{"pageIdStart":4,"pageIdEnd":4,"columnStart":734,"columnEnd":765,"xStart":144.09,"yStart":631.7,"xEnd":498.69,"yEnd":668.69,"text":"Borrower intends to provide a loan facility to OAO \"NK \"YUKOS\" [Yukos Oil], a company duly organized and validly existing under the laws of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as \"Sub-Borrower\"), such loan","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa12.a","paragraphLabel":"(a)","rectangle":"287, 1262, 709, 73","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":true,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Borrower intends to provide a loan facility to OAO \"NK \"YUKOS\" [Yukos Oil], a company duly organized and validly existing under the laws of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as \"Sub-Borrower\"), such loan"},{"pageIdStart":4,"pageIdEnd":4,"columnStart":766,"columnEnd":773,"xStart":89.14,"yStart":688.98,"xEnd":525.9,"yEnd":709.48,"text":"Loan Facility Agreement between Brittany Assets Ltd and Yukos Capital S.a r.l. (20 November 2003(Brittany Loan Agreement) (C-130).","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn2","paragraphLabel":"2","rectangle":"178, 1376, 872, 41","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Loan Facility Agreement between Brittany Assets Ltd and Yukos Capital S.a r.l. (20 November 2003(Brittany Loan Agreement) (C-130)."},{"pageIdStart":4,"pageIdEnd":4,"columnStart":774,"columnEnd":777,"xStart":88.96,"yStart":716.42,"xEnd":224.73999999999998,"yEnd":726.62,"text":"December 2003 Loan Agreement.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn3","paragraphLabel":"3","rectangle":"177, 1431, 271, 20","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":4,"pageIdEnd":4,"columnStart":778,"columnEnd":780,"xStart":88.91,"yStart":733.16,"xEnd":194.88,"yEnd":743.09,"text":"Brittany Loan Agreement.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn4","paragraphLabel":"4","rectangle":"177, 1464, 212, 20","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":5,"pageIdEnd":5,"columnStart":798,"columnEnd":825,"xStart":176.46,"yStart":111.77,"xEnd":504.74,"yEnd":146.68,"text":"facility to be granted shall not exceed 80'000'000'000-00 (Eighty billion) Russian Rubles, shall bear interest at the rate of 9% per annum and shall mature not later than 31st December 2008 ...5","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"","paragraphLabel":"","rectangle":"352, 223, 656, 70","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"facility to be granted shall not exceed 80'000'000'000-00 (Eighty billion) Russian Rubles, shall bear interest at the rate of 9% per annum and shall mature not later than 31st December 2008 ...5"},{"pageIdStart":5,"pageIdEnd":5,"columnStart":826,"columnEnd":878,"xStart":96.5,"yStart":166.46,"xEnd":532.08,"yEnd":442.34,"text":"
Yukos Capital, in tum, was under the obligation to transmit the money received from
Brittany to Yukos Oil :
1. Definitions
…

Advance

Shall mean any advance made or to be made by Lender hereunder which Borrower undertakes to use for Sub-Lending.


2. Commitments

Lender agrees on the terms and conditions herein, to make available to Borrower a loan facility equal to the Facility amount ... in order to make feasible Sub-Lending by Borrower ...6
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa13","paragraphLabel":"13.","rectangle":"192, 332, 870, 551","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

Yukos Capital, in tum, was under the obligation to transmit the money received from

Brittany to Yukos Oil :

1. Definitions

…


Advance

Shall mean any advance made or to be made by Lender hereunder which Borrower undertakes to use for Sub-Lending.


2. Commitments

Lender agrees on the terms and conditions herein, to make available to Borrower a loan facility equal to the Facility amount ... in order to make feasible Sub-Lending by Borrower ...6

"},{"pageIdStart":5,"pageIdEnd":5,"columnStart":879,"columnEnd":900,"xStart":99.32,"yStart":461.48,"xEnd":535.4,"yEnd":492.88,"text":"The interest to be paid by Yukos Capital to Brittany was '8,9375% per annum payable quarterly and on the Final Repayment date.'7","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa14","paragraphLabel":"14.","rectangle":"198, 921, 871, 63","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"The interest to be paid by Yukos Capital to Brittany was '8,9375% per annum payable quarterly and on the Final Repayment date.'7"},{"pageIdStart":5,"pageIdEnd":5,"columnStart":901,"columnEnd":955,"xStart":99.96,"yStart":513.05,"xEnd":536.9499999999999,"yEnd":604.24,"text":"The interest to be paid by Yukos Oil to Yukos Capital under what would become the December 2003 Loan was also predetermined in the Brittany Loan Agreement, and was set at 9%.8 In other words, the money was going to flow from the Lender (Brittany) to the Borrower (Yukos Capital) and then from Yukos Capital (now the Sub-Lender) to Yukos Oil (now the Sub-Borrower).","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa15","paragraphLabel":"15.","rectangle":"199, 1024, 873, 183","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"The interest to be paid by Yukos Oil to Yukos Capital under what would become the December 2003 Loan was also predetermined in the Brittany Loan Agreement, and was set at 9%.8 In other words, the money was going to flow from the Lender (Brittany) to the Borrower (Yukos Capital) and then from Yukos Capital (now the Sub-Lender) to Yukos Oil (now the Sub-Borrower)."},{"pageIdStart":5,"pageIdEnd":5,"columnStart":956,"columnEnd":964,"xStart":100.89,"yStart":681.95,"xEnd":538.24,"yEnd":703.11,"text":"Brittany Loan Agreement, preamble. See also id., clause I : ' Facility amount: Means 80' 000'000'000-00 (Eighty billion) Russian Rubles'.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn5","paragraphLabel":"5","rectangle":"201, 1362, 874, 42","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Brittany Loan Agreement, preamble. See also id., clause I : ' Facility amount: Means 80' 000'000'000-00 (Eighty billion) Russian Rubles'."},{"pageIdStart":5,"pageIdEnd":5,"columnStart":965,"columnEnd":968,"xStart":100.9,"yStart":709.98,"xEnd":257.68,"yEnd":719.7099999999999,"text":"Brittany Loan Agreement, clauses 1.2.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn6","paragraphLabel":"6","rectangle":"201, 1418, 313, 19","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":5,"pageIdEnd":5,"columnStart":969,"columnEnd":974,"xStart":101.4,"yStart":727.03,"xEnd":244.54000000000002,"yEnd":736.3399999999999,"text":"Brittany Loan Agreement, clause 1.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn7","paragraphLabel":"7","rectangle":"202, 1452, 286, 19","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Brittany Loan Agreement, clause 1."},{"pageIdStart":5,"pageIdEnd":5,"columnStart":975,"columnEnd":983,"xStart":101.6,"yStart":743.68,"xEnd":442.22999999999996,"yEnd":752.98,"text":"See Brittany Loan Agreement, preamble; December 2003 Loan Agreement, clause 1.1.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn8","paragraphLabel":"8","rectangle":"202, 1485, 681, 19","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"See Brittany Loan Agreement, preamble; December 2003 Loan Agreement, clause 1.1."},{"pageIdStart":6,"pageIdEnd":6,"columnStart":995,"columnEnd":1038,"xStart":96.89,"yStart":123.46,"xEnd":531.93,"yEnd":339.82,"text":"
The drawdown dates and the repayment dates of the December 2003 Loan were also predetermined in the Brittany Loan Agreement:

[Drawdown Date

Means the day when Borrower transfers funds to Sub-Borrower at the request of the latter under Sub-Lending Agreement.

…


Final Repayment date

2nd January 2009, which date may be either accelerated or postponed by mutual agreement in writing by the Parties hereto. Such Final Repayment date will not be later than one Business Day after the date on which the Sub-Lending is redeemed.9
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa16","paragraphLabel":"16.","rectangle":"193, 246, 869, 432","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

The drawdown dates and the repayment dates of the December 2003 Loan were also predetermined in the Brittany Loan Agreement:


[Drawdown Date


Means the day when Borrower transfers funds to Sub-Borrower at the request of the latter under Sub-Lending Agreement.


…


Final Repayment date

2nd January 2009, which date may be either accelerated or postponed by mutual agreement in writing by the Parties hereto. Such Final Repayment date will not be later than one Business Day after the date on which the Sub-Lending is redeemed.9

"},{"pageIdStart":6,"pageIdEnd":6,"columnStart":1039,"columnEnd":1110,"xStart":97.03,"yStart":358.99,"xEnd":532.0600000000001,"yEnd":509.78999999999996,"text":"This indicates without the slightest possible doubt that the two legal instruments are to be construed as a single legal operation. Indeed, the drawdown date of the Brittany Loan is not the date when the funds are transferred from Brittany to Yukos Capital, as it should be if it were an independent loan, but the date when the funds reach Yukos Oil through the December 2003 Loan. Therefore, the interest to be paid on the Brittany Loan only starts to accrue from the date when the December 2003 Loan is performed, which is another way of saying that the money from Brittany accrued interest only when it reached the final intended recipient, i.e., Yukos Oil. ","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa17","paragraphLabel":"17.","rectangle":"193, 717, 869, 301","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"This indicates without the slightest possible doubt that the two legal instruments are to be construed as a single legal operation. Indeed, the drawdown date of the Brittany Loan is not the date when the funds are transferred from Brittany to Yukos Capital, as it should be if it were an independent loan, but the date when the funds reach Yukos Oil through the December 2003 Loan. Therefore, the interest to be paid on the Brittany Loan only starts to accrue from the date when the December 2003 Loan is performed, which is another way of saying that the money from Brittany accrued interest only when it reached the final intended recipient, i.e., Yukos Oil. "},{"pageIdStart":6,"pageIdEnd":6,"columnStart":1111,"columnEnd":1178,"xStart":97.36,"yStart":530.18,"xEnd":532.49,"yEnd":661.15,"text":"In other words, the two Agreements are highly interlinked, as all the conditions of the second Agreement were already determined in the first Agreement. In fact and law, all the parameters of the obligation to dispose of the Brittany Loan to Yukos Capital in order to transfer it to Yukos Oil were pre-determined in the Brittany Loan: the identical amounts to be loaned, the rate of interest, the maturity date of the December 2003 Loan to Yukos Oil (31 December 2008) and the linked maturity date of the Brittany Loan to Yukos Capital (2 January 2009).","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa18","paragraphLabel":"18.","rectangle":"194, 1059, 869, 261","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"In other words, the two Agreements are highly interlinked, as all the conditions of the second Agreement were already determined in the first Agreement. In fact and law, all the parameters of the obligation to dispose of the Brittany Loan to Yukos Capital in order to transfer it to Yukos Oil were pre-determined in the Brittany Loan: the identical amounts to be loaned, the rate of interest, the maturity date of the December 2003 Loan to Yukos Oil (31 December 2008) and the linked maturity date of the Brittany Loan to Yukos Capital (2 January 2009)."},{"pageIdStart":6,"pageIdEnd":6,"columnStart":1179,"columnEnd":1194,"xStart":97.66,"yStart":681.23,"xEnd":532.51,"yEnd":712.3299999999999,"text":"Therefore, it will be necessary to analyse these global contractual arrangements which predetermine the economics of the loan transactions for the different actors involved, and","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa19","paragraphLabel":"19.","rectangle":"195, 1360, 868, 63","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":true,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Therefore, it will be necessary to analyse these global contractual arrangements which predetermine the economics of the loan transactions for the different actors involved, and"},{"pageIdStart":6,"pageIdEnd":6,"columnStart":1195,"columnEnd":1198,"xStart":95.87,"yStart":753.85,"xEnd":239.51000000000002,"yEnd":762.94,"text":"Brittany Loan Agreement, clause 1.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn9","paragraphLabel":"9","rectangle":"191, 1506, 287, 18","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":7,"pageIdEnd":7,"columnStart":1211,"columnEnd":1228,"xStart":126.24,"yStart":119.25,"xEnd":536.46,"yEnd":150.76,"text":"in particular to examine what economic interest Yukos Capital could draw from the investment operation in order to ascertain what its possible loss could be.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"","paragraphLabel":"","rectangle":"252, 238, 819, 63","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":7,"pageIdEnd":7,"columnStart":1229,"columnEnd":1235,"xStart":98.58,"yStart":170.95,"xEnd":536.14,"yEnd":201.95000000000002,"text":"However, before entering into this inquiry, it is appropriate to recall the international rules on compensation in the event of a violation of international law.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa20","paragraphLabel":"20.","rectangle":"196, 341, 875, 62","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"However, before entering into this inquiry, it is appropriate to recall the international rules on compensation in the event of a violation of international law."},{"pageIdStart":7,"pageIdEnd":7,"columnStart":1236,"columnEnd":1241,"xStart":98.95,"yStart":228.42,"xEnd":396.72,"yEnd":239.88,"text":"THE UNCONTESTED PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW","indentLevel":2,"paragraphId":"hB.21","paragraphLabel":"B.","rectangle":"197, 456, 595, 23","alignment":0,"blockType":2,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":true,"htmlEditorText":"THE UNCONTESTED PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW"},{"pageIdStart":7,"pageIdEnd":7,"columnStart":1242,"columnEnd":1354,"xStart":99.13,"yStart":259.22,"xEnd":537.79,"yEnd":438.90999999999997,"text":"
I hesitate to restate the well-known approach to the standard of reparation in case of damage caused by a violation of international law, which has been elaborated in the most quoted Chorzow Factory case, as reproduced in the Award in [760]:

The essential principle contained in the actual notion of an illegal act . .. is that reparation must, as far as possible, wipe out all the consequences of the illegal act and re-establish the situation which would, in all probability, have existed if that act had not been committed. Restitution in kind, or, if this is not possible, payment of a sum corresponding to the value which a restitution in kind would bear; the award, if need be, of damages for loss sustained which would not be covered by restitution in kind or payment in place of it - such are the principles which should serve to determine the amount of compensation due for an act contrary to international law.10
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa21","paragraphLabel":"21.","rectangle":"198, 517, 876, 359","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

I hesitate to restate the well-known approach to the standard of reparation in case of damage caused by a violation of international law, which has been elaborated in the most quoted Chorzow Factory case, as reproduced in the Award in [760]:


The essential principle contained in the actual notion of an illegal act . .. is that reparation must, as far as possible, wipe out all the consequences of the illegal act and re-establish the situation which would, in all probability, have existed if that act had not been committed. Restitution in kind, or, if this is not possible, payment of a sum corresponding to the value which a restitution in kind would bear; the award, if need be, of damages for loss sustained which would not be covered by restitution in kind or payment in place of it - such are the principles which should serve to determine the amount of compensation due for an act contrary to international law.10

"},{"pageIdStart":7,"pageIdEnd":7,"columnStart":1355,"columnEnd":1391,"xStart":99.65,"yStart":458.9,"xEnd":537.3399999999999,"yEnd":565.32,"text":"
Of course, this theoretical approach has to be translated into figures; in other words, the damages have to be quantified. This is why the PCIJ had decided to ask experts to value the loss of the Oberschlesische, the company to which the Chorzów Factory belonged:

[I]n order to obtain further enlightenment in the matter, the Court, before giving any decision as to the compensation to be paid by the Polish Government to the German Government, will arrange for the holding of an expert enquiry . . .11
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa22","paragraphLabel":"22.","rectangle":"199, 916, 874, 213","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

Of course, this theoretical approach has to be translated into figures; in other words, the damages have to be quantified. This is why the PCIJ had decided to ask experts to value the loss of the Oberschlesische, the company to which the Chorzów Factory belonged:


[I]n order to obtain further enlightenment in the matter, the Court, before giving any decision as to the compensation to be paid by the Polish Government to the German Government, will arrange for the holding of an expert enquiry . . .11

"},{"pageIdStart":7,"pageIdEnd":7,"columnStart":1392,"columnEnd":1411,"xStart":100.39,"yStart":585.02,"xEnd":537.9,"yEnd":616.35,"text":"Unfortunately, the PCIJ never had to deal with the results of the expert enquiry, as the parties entered into a settlement and the case did not go to the quantum phase.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa23","paragraphLabel":"23.","rectangle":"200, 1168, 874, 63","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":7,"pageIdEnd":7,"columnStart":1412,"columnEnd":1428,"xStart":100.37,"yStart":636.55,"xEnd":538.38,"yEnd":667.5500000000001,"text":"As will be elaborated upon later, I consider that the majority has not properly applied these principles and has not granted compensation that could , as far as possible , 'wipe out","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa24","paragraphLabel":"24.","rectangle":"200, 1271, 875, 62","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":true,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":7,"pageIdEnd":7,"columnStart":1429,"columnEnd":1437,"xStart":101.15,"yStart":711.14,"xEnd":538.32,"yEnd":732.0400000000001,"text":"Case Concerning the Factory al Chorzów (Germany v Poland) [1928] PCIJ Series A, No . 17, Judgement No. 13 (13 September 1928), p .47 (CL-86).","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn10","paragraphLabel":"10","rectangle":"202, 1420, 873, 42","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Case Concerning the Factory al Chorzów (Germany v Poland) [1928] PCIJ Series A, No . 17, Judgement No. 13 (13 September 1928), p .47 (CL-86)."},{"pageIdStart":7,"pageIdEnd":7,"columnStart":1438,"columnEnd":1446,"xStart":101.3,"yStart":738.99,"xEnd":537.84,"yEnd":769.21,"text":"Case Concerning the Factory al Chórzow (Germany v Poland) [1928] PCIJ Series A, No. 17, Judgement No. 13 (13 September 1928) , p. 51 (CL-86).","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn11","paragraphLabel":"11","rectangle":"202, 1476, 872, 60","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Case Concerning the Factory al Chórzow (Germany v Poland) [1928] PCIJ Series A, No. 17, Judgement No. 13 (13 September 1928) , p. 51 (CL-86)."},{"pageIdStart":8,"pageIdEnd":8,"columnStart":1463,"columnEnd":1470,"xStart":117.97,"yStart":120.65,"xEnd":527.0799999999999,"yEnd":151.69,"text":"all the consequences of the illegal act and re-establish the situation which would, in all probability, have existed' if the illegal act had not been performed.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"","paragraphLabel":"","rectangle":"235, 241, 817, 62","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"all the consequences of the illegal act and re-establish the situation which would, in all probability, have existed' if the illegal act had not been performed."},{"pageIdStart":8,"pageIdEnd":8,"columnStart":460,"columnEnd":470,"xStart":118.56,"yStart":175.92,"xEnd":526.5600000000001,"yEnd":226.32,"text":"In order to ascertain the reparation that can ‘re-establish the situation which would, in all probability, have existed’ if the illegal act had not been performed, it is necessary to develop but-for scenarios, which is now common practice in investment arbitrations.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa25","paragraphLabel":"25.","rectangle":"236, 351, 815, 101","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":8,"pageIdEnd":8,"columnStart":472,"columnEnd":479,"xStart":118.56,"yStart":246.96,"xEnd":527.28,"yEnd":335.28,"text":"The questions therefore are: first, what would have been the economic situation of Yukos Capital, without the breach that the Tribunal did find (the but-for scenario), and second, what is the economic situation of Yukos Capital, with the breach that the Tribunal did find (the actual scenario). If there is a difference, this will be the damage supported by Yukos Capital, all other circumstances being equal.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa26","paragraphLabel":"26.","rectangle":"236, 493, 817, 176","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":8,"pageIdEnd":8,"columnStart":1547,"columnEnd":1560,"xStart":90.94,"yStart":360.4,"xEnd":527.93,"yEnd":385.62,"text":"THE BUT-FOR SCENARIO: WHAT WAS GOING TO BE THE PROFIT OF YUKOS CAPITAL?","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"h","paragraphLabel":"III.","rectangle":"181, 720, 873, 50","alignment":0,"blockType":2,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":8,"pageIdEnd":8,"columnStart":1562,"columnEnd":1595,"xStart":91.04,"yStart":404.54,"xEnd":527.7900000000001,"yEnd":456.03000000000003,"text":"In order to fully understand what Yukos Capital might have lost, it is necessary to understand what it would have gained, in a situation in which there was no illegal act performed by the Respondent.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa27","paragraphLabel":"27.","rectangle":"181, 808, 873, 103","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"In order to fully understand what Yukos Capital might have lost, it is necessary to understand what it would have gained, in a situation in which there was no illegal act performed by the Respondent."},{"pageIdStart":8,"pageIdEnd":8,"columnStart":1597,"columnEnd":1598,"xStart":91.26,"yStart":482.38,"xEnd":270.88,"yEnd":502.5,"text":"THE POSITIONS OF THE PARTIES ","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"h28","paragraphLabel":"A.","rectangle":"182, 963, 359, 40","alignment":0,"blockType":2,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":true,"htmlEditorText":"THE POSITIONS OF THE PARTIES "},{"pageIdStart":8,"pageIdEnd":8,"columnStart":503,"columnEnd":532,"xStart":118.56,"yStart":516.0,"xEnd":527.52,"yEnd":655.44,"text":"
The Claimant has argued that the Tribunal should apply a but-for approach when dealing with the compensation to be granted to Yukos Capital. Its position is summarised in the Award, in [745], in the following way:
The Claimant advocates for a ‘but-for’ approach to reparation. While acknowledging that Article 13 of the ECT provides for a specific rule of compensation for expropriation, the Claimant contends that such rule does not cover reparation in case of a breach of Article 13, in which event it submits that customary international law requires that the Claimant be placed in the same position it would have been in had the wrongful acts not occurred. (Emphasis added)
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa28","paragraphLabel":"28.","rectangle":"236, 1030, 817, 279","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

The Claimant has argued that the Tribunal should apply a but-for approach when dealing with the compensation to be granted to Yukos Capital. Its position is summarised in the Award, in [745], in the following way:

The Claimant advocates for a ‘but-for’ approach to reparation. While acknowledging that Article 13 of the ECT provides for a specific rule of compensation for expropriation, the Claimant contends that such rule does not cover reparation in case of a breach of Article 13, in which event it submits that customary international law requires that the Claimant be placed in the same position it would have been in had the wrongful acts not occurred. (Emphasis added)

"},{"pageIdStart":8,"pageIdEnd":8,"columnStart":1663,"columnEnd":1693,"xStart":91.88,"yStart":674.29,"xEnd":528.29,"yEnd":725.4699999999999,"text":"While the Respondent preferred to base its analysis of compensation on the FMV, it clearly acknowledged that, if the Tribunal were to apply a but-for analysis, the only entitlement of the Claimant would be the interest spread:","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa29","paragraphLabel":"29.","rectangle":"183, 1347, 872, 102","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":true,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"While the Respondent preferred to base its analysis of compensation on the FMV, it clearly acknowledged that, if the Tribunal were to apply a but-for analysis, the only entitlement of the Claimant would be the interest spread:"},{"pageIdStart":9,"pageIdEnd":9,"columnStart":1708,"columnEnd":1760,"xStart":149.96,"yStart":114.04,"xEnd":506.48,"yEnd":227.02,"text":"
Yukos Capital's claim for damages is simply not met out on the \"but for\" or \"Counter Factual\", i.e., the situation that in all probability would have existed absent Respondent's alleged breach of the ECT. Yukos Capital would never have been entitled to the value of the Loans in their entirety, but merely the interest rate \"spread\" between ... the December 2003 Loan and the Brittany Loan ...12

... Even Claimant's preferred Chorzów Factory standard is of little avail to it because the but-for scenario only affords Claimant the spread between ... the December 2003 Loan and the Brittany Loan . . . 13
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"","paragraphLabel":"","rectangle":"299, 227, 712, 226","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

Yukos Capital's claim for damages is simply not met out on the \"but for\" or \"Counter Factual\", i.e., the situation that in all probability would have existed absent Respondent's alleged breach of the ECT. Yukos Capital would never have been entitled to the value of the Loans in their entirety, but merely the interest rate \"spread\" between ... the December 2003 Loan and the Brittany Loan ...12


... Even Claimant's preferred Chorzów Factory standard is of little avail to it because the but-for scenario only affords Claimant the spread between ... the December 2003 Loan and the Brittany Loan . . . 13

"},{"pageIdStart":9,"pageIdEnd":9,"columnStart":1761,"columnEnd":1778,"xStart":96.75,"yStart":246.74,"xEnd":533.94,"yEnd":277.84,"text":"I will now analyse what would have been the situation without any breach by the Respondent State.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa30","paragraphLabel":"30.","rectangle":"193, 492, 873, 63","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":9,"pageIdEnd":9,"columnStart":1779,"columnEnd":1781,"xStart":96.41,"yStart":303.15,"xEnd":443.39,"yEnd":315.54999999999995,"text":"THE REPAYMENT OF THE LOAN BY YUK0S OIL TO YUK0S CAPITAL ","indentLevel":2,"paragraphId":"hB.31","paragraphLabel":"B.","rectangle":"192, 605, 693, 25","alignment":0,"blockType":2,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":true,"htmlEditorText":"THE REPAYMENT OF THE LOAN BY YUK0S OIL TO YUK0S CAPITAL "},{"pageIdStart":9,"pageIdEnd":9,"columnStart":1782,"columnEnd":1789,"xStart":96.65,"yStart":334.46,"xEnd":460.53999999999996,"yEnd":345.96,"text":"Here, two different scenarios were considered in the contractual scheme.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa31","paragraphLabel":"31.","rectangle":"193, 668, 727, 23","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":9,"pageIdEnd":9,"columnStart":607,"columnEnd":609,"xStart":126.0,"yStart":374.16,"xEnd":534.48,"yEnd":395.52,"text":"Main scenario: Yukos Oil pays the interest and repays the capital of the Loan from Yukos Capital","indentLevel":2,"paragraphId":"h1.32","paragraphLabel":"1.","rectangle":"251, 747, 816, 43","alignment":0,"blockType":2,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Main scenario: Yukos Oil pays the interest and repays the capital of the Loan from Yukos Capital"},{"pageIdStart":9,"pageIdEnd":9,"columnStart":610,"columnEnd":630,"xStart":97.92,"yStart":417.84,"xEnd":534.24,"yEnd":520.56,"text":"
As soon as Yukos Capital received the capital back from Yukos Oil, it undertook to immediately transmit it back to Brittany:
3. Repayment

Borrower shall repay the amount outstanding within one Business Day upon redemption of any part of Sub-Lending.14
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa32","paragraphLabel":"32.","rectangle":"195, 834, 872, 205","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

As soon as Yukos Capital received the capital back from Yukos Oil, it undertook to immediately transmit it back to Brittany:

3. Repayment


Borrower shall repay the amount outstanding within one Business Day upon redemption of any part of Sub-Lending.14

"},{"pageIdStart":9,"pageIdEnd":9,"columnStart":631,"columnEnd":633,"xStart":97.68,"yStart":540.72,"xEnd":534.72,"yEnd":569.04,"text":"This is the scenario that would, in all probability, have occurred in the normal course of events, without a breach by the Respondent.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa33","paragraphLabel":"33.","rectangle":"195, 1080, 873, 56","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"This is the scenario that would, in all probability, have occurred in the normal course of events, without a breach by the Respondent."},{"pageIdStart":9,"pageIdEnd":9,"columnStart":634,"columnEnd":634,"xStart":97.68,"yStart":712.08,"xEnd":271.68,"yEnd":716.64,"text":"Counter-Memorial, [425], emphasis added.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn12","paragraphLabel":"12","rectangle":"195, 1422, 347, 9","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":9,"pageIdEnd":9,"columnStart":635,"columnEnd":635,"xStart":97.92,"yStart":729.12,"xEnd":171.36,"yEnd":733.44,"text":"Rejoinder, [505].","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn13","paragraphLabel":"13","rectangle":"195, 1456, 147, 9","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":9,"pageIdEnd":9,"columnStart":636,"columnEnd":636,"xStart":97.68,"yStart":745.68,"xEnd":309.12,"yEnd":750.4799999999999,"text":"Brittany Loan Agreement, clause 3, emphasis added.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn14","paragraphLabel":"14","rectangle":"195, 1489, 422, 10","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":null},{"pageIdStart":10,"pageIdEnd":10,"columnStart":648,"columnEnd":650,"xStart":116.4,"yStart":122.4,"xEnd":491.76,"yEnd":146.64000000000001,"text":"Alternative scenario: Yukos Oil does not pay the interest nor repay the capital of the Loan from Yukos Capital","indentLevel":2,"paragraphId":"h2.34","paragraphLabel":"2.","rectangle":"232, 244, 750, 48","alignment":0,"blockType":2,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":true,"htmlEditorText":"Alternative scenario: Yukos Oil does not pay the interest nor repay the capital of the Loan from Yukos Capital"},{"pageIdStart":10,"pageIdEnd":10,"columnStart":653,"columnEnd":665,"xStart":116.16,"yStart":166.08,"xEnd":524.64,"yEnd":286.8,"text":"
The Agreements however also envisioned a less probable, but possible scenario. The situation in which Yukos Qil would not fulfil its obligation to repay the December 2003 Loan was also foreseen in the Brittany Loan Agreement:
5. Hedge

Notwithstanding the foregoing and for the avoidance of doubt Lender shall bear [b]all risks [/b]associated with Sub-Lending, including, but not limited to the following:
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa34","paragraphLabel":"34.","rectangle":"232, 331, 816, 241","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

The Agreements however also envisioned a less probable, but possible scenario. The situation in which Yukos Qil would not fulfil its obligation to repay the December 2003 Loan was also foreseen in the Brittany Loan Agreement:

5. Hedge


Notwithstanding the foregoing and for the avoidance of doubt Lender shall bear [b]all risks [/b]associated with Sub-Lending, including, but not limited to the following:

"},{"pageIdStart":10,"pageIdEnd":10,"columnStart":666,"columnEnd":669,"xStart":143.04,"yStart":308.4,"xEnd":496.8,"yEnd":328.56,"text":"
Failure to pay, which means the failure by Sub-Borrower to make, when and where due, any payments under Sub-Lending Agreement;
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa34.a","paragraphLabel":"(a)","rectangle":"285, 616, 707, 40","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

Failure to pay, which means the failure by Sub-Borrower to make, when and where due, any payments under Sub-Lending Agreement;

"},{"pageIdStart":10,"pageIdEnd":10,"columnStart":670,"columnEnd":671,"xStart":142.56,"yStart":350.4,"xEnd":249.6,"yEnd":360.24,"text":"
Sovereign risk, …
...
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa34.b","paragraphLabel":"(b)","rectangle":"284, 700, 214, 19","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

Sovereign risk, …

...

"},{"pageIdStart":10,"pageIdEnd":10,"columnStart":674,"columnEnd":675,"xStart":142.32,"yStart":409.44,"xEnd":284.16,"yEnd":419.52,"text":"Foreign exchange risk, ...","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa34.c","paragraphLabel":"(c)","rectangle":"284, 817, 283, 21","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Foreign exchange risk, ..."},{"pageIdStart":10,"pageIdEnd":10,"columnStart":677,"columnEnd":678,"xStart":142.32,"yStart":439.2,"xEnd":229.67999999999998,"yEnd":448.56,"text":"Tax risk,...\"15","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa34.d","paragraphLabel":"(d)","rectangle":"284, 877, 174, 19","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Tax risk,...\"15"},{"pageIdStart":10,"pageIdEnd":10,"columnStart":684,"columnEnd":696,"xStart":87.84,"yStart":468.72,"xEnd":522.72,"yEnd":499.2,"text":"This indicates that all risks, even if not mentioned in clause 5, were assumed by Brittany.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa35","paragraphLabel":"35","rectangle":"175, 936, 869, 61","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"This indicates that all risks, even if not mentioned in clause 5, were assumed by Brittany."},{"pageIdStart":10,"pageIdEnd":10,"columnStart":699,"columnEnd":704,"xStart":113.76,"yStart":520.32,"xEnd":522.72,"yEnd":608.16,"text":"As a consequence, if Yukos Oil did not reimburse the December 2003 Loan, it committed a failure to pay, and the risk was not assumed by Yukos Capital, but by Brittany. This means that, if the obligation of Yukos Oil to reimburse its debt to Yukos Capital was not respected, the concomitant obligation of Yukos Capital to reimburse its debt to Brittany was automatically cancelled.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa36","paragraphLabel":"36","rectangle":"227, 1039, 817, 175","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"As a consequence, if Yukos Oil did not reimburse the December 2003 Loan, it committed a failure to pay, and the risk was not assumed by Yukos Capital, but by Brittany. This means that, if the obligation of Yukos Oil to reimburse its debt to Yukos Capital was not respected, the concomitant obligation of Yukos Capital to reimburse its debt to Brittany was automatically cancelled."},{"pageIdStart":10,"pageIdEnd":10,"columnStart":707,"columnEnd":711,"xStart":113.52,"yStart":631.68,"xEnd":522.24,"yEnd":699.84,"text":"In other words, the obligation of Yukos Capital to transfer the money back to Brittany was without a sanction in circumstances where the obligation was not fulfilled due to the non-fulfilment of its own obligation by Yukos Oil. This was indeed acknowledged in the Interim Award:","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa37","paragraphLabel":"37","rectangle":"226, 1261, 817, 137","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":true,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"In other words, the obligation of Yukos Capital to transfer the money back to Brittany was without a sanction in circumstances where the obligation was not fulfilled due to the non-fulfilment of its own obligation by Yukos Oil. This was indeed acknowledged in the Interim Award:"},{"pageIdStart":10,"pageIdEnd":10,"columnStart":713,"columnEnd":713,"xStart":86.64,"yStart":751.44,"xEnd":297.12,"yEnd":755.7600000000001,"text":"Brittany Loan Agreement, clause 5, emphasis added.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn15","paragraphLabel":"15","rectangle":"173, 1501, 420, 8","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Brittany Loan Agreement, clause 5, emphasis added."},{"pageIdStart":11,"pageIdEnd":11,"columnStart":725,"columnEnd":732,"xStart":150.24,"yStart":116.4,"xEnd":505.68000000000006,"yEnd":162.96,"text":"
Undoubtedly, Yukos Capital’s obligation to repay Brittany only arose if and to the extent that Yukos Oil repaid its debt to Yukos Capital. As between Brittany and Yukos Capital, it is Brittany that bears the risk of default associated with Yukos Capital’s loan to Yukos Oil, in terms of Yukos Oil’s failure to pay ...16
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Undoubtedly, Yukos Capital’s obligation to repay Brittany only arose if and to the extent that Yukos Oil repaid its debt to Yukos Capital. As between Brittany and Yukos Capital, it is Brittany that bears the risk of default associated with Yukos Capital’s loan to Yukos Oil, in terms of Yukos Oil’s failure to pay ...16

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The same understanding was reiterated by the President during the Hearing:

CHAIRMAN McLACHLAN: ... my understanding ... is that the effect of these Agreements was that Yukos Capital was under no obligation to make a repayment to Hedgerow and Brittany unless and until a repayment was made by Yukos Oil to Yukos Capital, and that’s reflected in Clauses 3 and 5 of the Agreement. Is that your commercial understanding of the structure here?


MR. GODFREY: Broadly speaking, yes.17

","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa38","paragraphLabel":"38","rectangle":"191, 365, 819, 236","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

The same understanding was reiterated by the President during the Hearing:

CHAIRMAN McLACHLAN: ... my understanding ... is that the effect of these Agreements was that Yukos Capital was under no obligation to make a repayment to Hedgerow and Brittany unless and until a repayment was made by Yukos Oil to Yukos Capital, and that’s reflected in Clauses 3 and 5 of the Agreement. Is that your commercial understanding of the structure here?


MR. GODFREY: Broadly speaking, yes.17

"},{"pageIdStart":11,"pageIdEnd":11,"columnStart":746,"columnEnd":746,"xStart":122.64,"yStart":324.0,"xEnd":349.2,"yEnd":332.4,"text":"HOW WAS THIS GOING TO WORK CONCRETELY?","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"hC.39","paragraphLabel":"C","rectangle":"245, 647, 452, 17","alignment":0,"blockType":2,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":true,"htmlEditorText":"HOW WAS THIS GOING TO WORK CONCRETELY?"},{"pageIdStart":11,"pageIdEnd":11,"columnStart":747,"columnEnd":759,"xStart":95.52,"yStart":354.24,"xEnd":531.84,"yEnd":385.44,"text":"In practical terms, what would have happened if the Agreements would have been performed in the absence of a violation?","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa39","paragraphLabel":"39.","rectangle":"190, 707, 872, 63","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"In practical terms, what would have happened if the Agreements would have been performed in the absence of a violation?"},{"pageIdStart":11,"pageIdEnd":11,"columnStart":761,"columnEnd":769,"xStart":122.16,"yStart":405.6,"xEnd":532.32,"yEnd":474.0,"text":"First step: Yukos Capital receives the money from Brittany under the Brittany Loan Agreement. The interest rate for this Loan was 8,9375%. The second step was already foreseen in this Agreement, including the interest rate at which Yukos Capital was going to loan the money to Yukos Oil, which was 9%.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa40","paragraphLabel":"40.","rectangle":"244, 810, 819, 136","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"First step: Yukos Capital receives the money from Brittany under the Brittany Loan Agreement. The interest rate for this Loan was 8,9375%. The second step was already foreseen in this Agreement, including the interest rate at which Yukos Capital was going to loan the money to Yukos Oil, which was 9%."},{"pageIdStart":11,"pageIdEnd":11,"columnStart":771,"columnEnd":781,"xStart":122.4,"yStart":497.28,"xEnd":531.84,"yEnd":528.0,"text":"Second step: Yukos Capital has the obligation to transmit the money received from Brittany to Yukos Oil.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa41","paragraphLabel":"41.","rectangle":"244, 993, 818, 61","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Second step: Yukos Capital has the obligation to transmit the money received from Brittany to Yukos Oil."},{"pageIdStart":11,"pageIdEnd":11,"columnStart":783,"columnEnd":807,"xStart":122.16,"yStart":548.64,"xEnd":532.08,"yEnd":697.2,"text":"Third step in the most probable main scenario: If Yukos Oil repays 9% interest to Yukos Capital, the latter has to pay 8,9375% interest to Brittany, this operation being made quarterly. In that case, Yukos Capital has earned the difference between the interest rate in the December 2003 Loan Agreement and in the Brittany Loan Agreement: 9% - 8,9375% = 0.0625%, called the ‘spread’. If Yukos Oil was going to reimburse its December 2003 Loan to Yukos Capital, the latter had to transmit the equivalent amount of money within one business day to Brittany, which means that in the but-for scenario Yukos Capital was not entitled to keep the property of the money lent.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"pa42","paragraphLabel":"42.","rectangle":"244, 1096, 818, 296","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Third step in the most probable main scenario: If Yukos Oil repays 9% interest to Yukos Capital, the latter has to pay 8,9375% interest to Brittany, this operation being made quarterly. In that case, Yukos Capital has earned the difference between the interest rate in the December 2003 Loan Agreement and in the Brittany Loan Agreement: 9% - 8,9375% = 0.0625%, called the ‘spread’. If Yukos Oil was going to reimburse its December 2003 Loan to Yukos Capital, the latter had to transmit the equivalent amount of money within one business day to Brittany, which means that in the but-for scenario Yukos Capital was not entitled to keep the property of the money lent."},{"pageIdStart":11,"pageIdEnd":11,"columnStart":808,"columnEnd":808,"xStart":95.52,"yStart":735.84,"xEnd":361.91999999999996,"yEnd":740.1600000000001,"text":"Interim Award, [504], emphasis added, internal references omitted.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn16","paragraphLabel":"16","rectangle":"190, 1470, 533, 8","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Interim Award, [504], emphasis added, internal references omitted."},{"pageIdStart":11,"pageIdEnd":11,"columnStart":809,"columnEnd":809,"xStart":95.52,"yStart":752.4,"xEnd":216.24,"yEnd":760.3199999999999,"text":"T2/370/25-371/10 (Godfrey).","indentLevel":1,"paragraphId":"fn17","paragraphLabel":"17","rectangle":"190, 1503, 241, 15","alignment":0,"blockType":6,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"T2/370/25-371/10 (Godfrey)."}]}