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The legal framework

International law

ICSID Convention
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The legal framework


International law


ICSID Convention

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The Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, concluded in Washington on 18 March 1965 (‘the ICSID Convention’), which entered into force with respect to Romania on 12 October 1975, provides in Article 53(1):

‘The award shall be binding on the parties and shall not be subject to any appeal or to any other remedy except those provided for in this Convention. Each party shall abide by and comply with the terms of the award …’
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The Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, concluded in Washington on 18 March 1965 (‘the ICSID Convention’), which entered into force with respect to Romania on 12 October 1975, provides in Article 53(1):


‘The award shall be binding on the parties and shall not be subject to any appeal or to any other remedy except those provided for in this Convention. Each party shall abide by and comply with the terms of the award …’

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Each party shall abide","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#050505","x":108.48,"y":398.23,"width":394.29,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.77000000000004,"MarginBottom":409.5,"MarginTop":398.23,"Value":"any other remedy except those provided for in this Convention. Each party shall abide"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":98,"blockId":21,"value":"by and comply with the terms of the award …’","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#050505","x":108.48,"y":412.33,"width":211.18,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":319.66,"MarginBottom":423.59999999999997,"MarginTop":412.33,"Value":"by and comply with the terms of the award …’"}],"MarginLeft":82.92,"MarginRight":502.88}},"21":{"pageNum":3,"columnStart":99,"columnEnd":104,"text":"
Article 54(1) of the ICSID Convention provides:

‘Each Contracting State shall recognise an award rendered pursuant to this Convention as binding and enforce the pecuniary obligations imposed by that award within its territories as if it were a final judgment of a court in that State …’
The BIT
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Article 54(1) of the ICSID Convention provides:


‘Each Contracting State shall recognise an award rendered pursuant to this Convention as binding and enforce the pecuniary obligations imposed by that award within its territories as if it were a final judgment of a court in that State …’

The BIT

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The Bilateral Investment Treaty concluded on 29 May 2002 between the Swedish Government and the Romanian Government on the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments (‘the BIT’), which entered into force on 1 July 2003, provides, in Article 2(3):

‘Each Contracting Party shall at all times ensure fair and equitable treatment of the investments by investors of the other Contracting Party and shall not impair, by means of arbitrary or discriminatory measures, the administration, management, maintenance, use, enjoyment or disposal thereof by those investors’.
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The Bilateral Investment Treaty concluded on 29 May 2002 between the Swedish Government and the Romanian Government on the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments (‘the BIT’), which entered into force on 1 July 2003, provides, in Article 2(3):


‘Each Contracting Party shall at all times ensure fair and equitable treatment of the investments by investors of the other Contracting Party and shall not impair, by means of arbitrary or discriminatory measures, the administration, management, maintenance, use, enjoyment or disposal thereof by those investors’.

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arbitral tribunal which applies the ICSID Convention.","averageFontSize":11.0,"rowsOfText":3,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":132,"blockId":24,"value":"Article 7 of the BIT provides that any dispute between investors and the Contracting","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#050505","x":108.48,"y":74.41,"width":394.46,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.94,"MarginBottom":85.67999999999999,"MarginTop":74.41,"Value":"Article 7 of the BIT provides that any dispute between investors and the Contracting"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":133,"blockId":24,"value":"Parties is to be settled, inter alia, by an","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":null,"x":108.48,"y":88.45,"width":192.91,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":134,"blockId":24,"value":"arbitral tribunal which applies the ICSID","fontName":"Times New 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Decision 2015/1470, adopted by the Commission on the basis of, inter alia, Article 108(2) TFEU, states:

‘Article 1

The payment of the compensation awarded by the arbitral tribunal […] by award of 11 December 2013 in Case No ARB/05/20 Micula a.o. v Romania to the single economic unit comprising, [DA], [FC], […] European Food […], […] Starmill […], […] Multipack, European Drinks SA, Rieni Drinks SA, Scandic Distilleries SA, Transilvania General Import-Export SRL and West Leasing International SRL constitutes State aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) [TFEU] which is incompatible with the internal market.

Article 2

1. Romania shall not pay out any incompatible aid referred to in Article 1 and shall recover any incompatible aid referred to in Article 1 which has already been paid out to any one of the entities constituting the single economic unit benefiting from that aid in partial implementation or execution of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013, as well as any aid paid out to any one of the entities constituting the single economic unit benefiting from that aid in further implementation of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 that the Commission has not been made aware of or that is paid out after the date of this Decision.

2. [DA], [DC], […] European Food […], […] Starmill […], […] Multipack, European Drinks […], Rieni Drinks […], Scandic Distilleries […], Transilvania General Import- Export […] and West Leasing […] shall be jointly liable to repay the State aid received by any one of them.

[…]

7. Romania shall ensure that no further payments of the aid referred to in Article 1 shall be effected with effect from the date of adoption of this Decision.

Article 3

1. Recovery of the aid referred to in Article 1 shall be immediate and effective.

2. Romania shall ensure that this Decision is implemented within four months following the date of notification of this Decision.

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Decision 2015/1470, adopted by the Commission on the basis of, inter alia, Article 108(2) TFEU, states:


‘Article 1


The payment of the compensation awarded by the arbitral tribunal […] by award of 11 December 2013 in Case No ARB/05/20 Micula a.o. v Romania to the single economic unit comprising, [DA], [FC], […] European Food […], […] Starmill […], […] Multipack, European Drinks SA, Rieni Drinks SA, Scandic Distilleries SA, Transilvania General Import-Export SRL and West Leasing International SRL constitutes State aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) [TFEU] which is incompatible with the internal market.


Article 2


1. Romania shall not pay out any incompatible aid referred to in Article 1 and shall recover any incompatible aid referred to in Article 1 which has already been paid out to any one of the entities constituting the single economic unit benefiting from that aid in partial implementation or execution of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013, as well as any aid paid out to any one of the entities constituting the single economic unit benefiting from that aid in further implementation of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 that the Commission has not been made aware of or that is paid out after the date of this Decision.


2. [DA], [DC], […] European Food […], […] Starmill […], […] Multipack, European Drinks […], Rieni Drinks […], Scandic Distilleries […], Transilvania General Import- Export […] and West Leasing […] shall be jointly liable to repay the State aid received by any one of them.


[…]


7. Romania shall ensure that no further payments of the aid referred to in Article 1 shall be effected with effect from the date of adoption of this Decision.


Article 3


1. Recovery of the aid referred to in Article 1 shall be immediate and effective.


2. Romania shall ensure that this Decision is implemented within four months following the date of notification of this Decision.


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[…]

Article 5

This Decision is addressed to Romania.’
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[…]


Article 5


This Decision is addressed to Romania.’

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On the same day, FC, European Food, Starmill and Multipack appealed against the part of the judgment dismissing their voluntary intervention as inadmissible. Furthermore, they applied to intervene voluntarily in the appeal proceedings brought by DA. The referring court joined the two cases on account of the connection between them.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":"pa18","paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":"pa18","paragraphLabel":"18.","rectangle":"108, 284, 394, 81","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"On 29 February 2016, DA appealed the judgment of 25 January 2016 to the cour d’appel de Bruxelles [Brussels Court of Appeal] (Belgium), the referring court. On the same day, FC, European Food, Starmill and Multipack appealed against the part of the judgment dismissing their voluntary intervention as inadmissible. 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The"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":324,"blockId":47,"value":"referring court joined the two cases on account of the connection between them.","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":354.61,"width":360.74,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":469.22,"MarginBottom":365.88,"MarginTop":354.61,"Value":"referring court joined the two cases on account of the connection between them."}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.87}},"40":{"pageNum":6,"columnStart":326,"columnEnd":336,"text":"In its order for reference, the cour d’appel de Bruxelles [Brussels Court of Appeal], after upholding the rejection of the voluntary intervention of FC, European Food, Starmill and Multipack before the first court, but declaring admissible their voluntary intervention in the appeal proceedings, states, as regards the examination of the merits of the attachment order of 9 September 2015, that the arbitral award of 11 December 2013, which follows arbitration proceedings in which the Commission participated as amicus curiae and which has since become final, constitutes a legally enforceable title in itself. That attachment order was therefore made on the basis of an arbitral award endorsed with an enforcement order, which Article 54 of the ICSID Convention requires each Contracting State, including the Kingdom of Belgium, to recognise and enforce.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":"pa19","paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":"pa19","paragraphLabel":"19.","rectangle":"108, 381, 394, 152","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"In its order for reference, the cour d’appel de Bruxelles [Brussels Court of Appeal], after upholding the rejection of the voluntary intervention of FC, European Food, Starmill and Multipack before the first court, but declaring admissible their voluntary intervention in the appeal proceedings, states, as regards the examination of the merits of the attachment order of 9 September 2015, that the arbitral award of 11 December 2013, which follows arbitration proceedings in which the Commission participated as amicus curiae and which has since become final, constitutes a legally enforceable title in itself. That attachment order was therefore made on the basis of an arbitral award endorsed with an enforcement order, which Article 54 of the ICSID Convention requires each Contracting State, including the Kingdom of Belgium, to recognise and enforce.","averageFontSize":11.0,"rowsOfText":11,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":326,"blockId":48,"value":"In its order for reference, the cour d’appel de Bruxelles [Brussels Court of Appeal],","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":381.67,"width":394.32,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.8,"MarginBottom":392.94,"MarginTop":381.67,"Value":"In its order for reference, the cour d’appel de Bruxelles [Brussels Court of Appeal],"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":327,"blockId":48,"value":"after upholding the rejection of the voluntary intervention of FC, European Food,","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":395.77,"width":394.37,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.85,"MarginBottom":407.03999999999996,"MarginTop":395.77,"Value":"after upholding the rejection of the voluntary intervention of FC, European Food,"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":328,"blockId":48,"value":"Starmill and Multipack before the first court, but declaring admissible their voluntary","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":409.81,"width":394.36,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.84000000000003,"MarginBottom":421.08,"MarginTop":409.81,"Value":"Starmill and Multipack before the first court, but declaring admissible their voluntary"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":329,"blockId":48,"value":"intervention in the appeal proceedings, states, as regards the examination of the merits","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":423.91,"width":394.51,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.99,"MarginBottom":435.18,"MarginTop":423.91,"Value":"intervention in the appeal proceedings, states, as regards the examination of the merits"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":330,"blockId":48,"value":"of the attachment order of 9 September 2015, that the arbitral award of 11 December","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":438.07,"width":394.38,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.86,"MarginBottom":449.34,"MarginTop":438.07,"Value":"of the attachment order of 9 September 2015, that the arbitral award of 11 December"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":331,"blockId":48,"value":"2013, which follows arbitration proceedings in which the Commission participated as","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":452.17,"width":394.36,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.84000000000003,"MarginBottom":463.44,"MarginTop":452.17,"Value":"2013, which follows arbitration proceedings in which the Commission participated as"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":332,"blockId":48,"value":"amicus curiae and which has since become final, constitutes a legally enforceable title","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":466.27,"width":394.35,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.83000000000004,"MarginBottom":477.53999999999996,"MarginTop":466.27,"Value":"amicus curiae and which has since become final, constitutes a legally enforceable title"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":333,"blockId":48,"value":"in itself. 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That attachment order was therefore made on the basis of an arbitral award"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":334,"blockId":48,"value":"endorsed with an enforcement order, which Article 54 of the ICSID Convention","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":494.41,"width":394.4,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.88,"MarginBottom":505.68,"MarginTop":494.41,"Value":"endorsed with an enforcement order, which Article 54 of the ICSID Convention"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":335,"blockId":48,"value":"requires each Contracting State, including the Kingdom of Belgium, to recognise and","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":508.51,"width":394.43,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.91,"MarginBottom":519.78,"MarginTop":508.51,"Value":"requires each Contracting State, including the Kingdom of Belgium, to recognise and"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":336,"blockId":48,"value":"enforce.","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":522.61,"width":36.57,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":145.05,"MarginBottom":533.88,"MarginTop":522.61,"Value":"enforce."}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.99}},"41":{"pageNum":6,"columnStart":338,"columnEnd":355,"text":"However, the referring court observes that a fait du prince constitutes an external cause which acts as a discharge capable of justifying the failure of a debtor to pay a creditor with a valid enforcement order. In the present case, however, Decision 2015/1470 is presented as a major obstacle to the enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013. That decision, adopted after the latter, prohibits Romania from implementing that award, since that decision considers that the payment of the damages awarded by that award constitutes ‘State aid’, within the meaning of Article 107 (I) TFEU, incompatible with the internal market, and requires Romania to recover the amounts of aid already paid. There is therefore a real risk of conflict between, on one hand, the decision of a national court confirming, pursuant to Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID Convention, an attachment order implementing the award of","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":"pa20","paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":"pa20","paragraphLabel":"20.","rectangle":"108, 549, 394, 152","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":true,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"However, the referring court observes that a fait du prince constitutes an external cause which acts as a discharge capable of justifying the failure of a debtor to pay a creditor with a valid enforcement order. In the present case, however, Decision 2015/1470 is presented as a major obstacle to the enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013. That decision, adopted after the latter, prohibits Romania from implementing that award, since that decision considers that the payment of the damages awarded by that award constitutes ‘State aid’, within the meaning of Article 107 (I) TFEU, incompatible with the internal market, and requires Romania to recover the amounts of aid already paid. 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There is therefore a real risk of conflict between, on one hand, the"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":347,"blockId":49,"value":"decision of a national court confirming, pursuant to Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":676.51,"width":394.32,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.8,"MarginBottom":687.78,"MarginTop":676.51,"Value":"decision of a national court confirming, pursuant to Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":348,"blockId":49,"value":"Convention,","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":690.55,"width":55.41,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":349,"blockId":49,"value":"an","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":184.1,"y":690.55,"width":10.67,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":350,"blockId":49,"value":"attachment","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":215.05,"y":690.55,"width":49.37,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":351,"blockId":49,"value":"order","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":284.64,"y":690.55,"width":23.79,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":352,"blockId":49,"value":"implementing","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":328.65,"y":690.55,"width":62.63,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":353,"blockId":49,"value":"the","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":411.54,"y":690.55,"width":13.78,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":354,"blockId":49,"value":"award","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":445.54,"y":690.55,"width":27.58,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":355,"blockId":49,"value":"of","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":493.34,"y":690.55,"width":9.46,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.79999999999995,"MarginBottom":701.8199999999999,"MarginTop":690.55,"Value":"Convention, an attachment order implementing the award of"}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":503.01}},"42":{"pageNum":7,"columnStart":361,"columnEnd":362,"text":"11 December 2013 and, on the other hand, Decision 2015/1470, which is the subject of an action pending before the Courts of the European Union.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":null,"paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":null,"paragraphLabel":"","rectangle":"108, 74, 394, 25","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"11 December 2013 and, on the other hand, Decision 2015/1470, which is the subject of an action pending before the Courts of the European Union.","averageFontSize":11.0,"rowsOfText":2,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":361,"blockId":50,"value":"11 December 2013 and, on the other hand, Decision 2015/1470, which is the subject of","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":108.48,"y":74.41,"width":394.05,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.53000000000003,"MarginBottom":85.67999999999999,"MarginTop":74.41,"Value":"11 December 2013 and, on the other hand, Decision 2015/1470, which is the subject of"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":362,"blockId":50,"value":"an action pending before the Courts of the European Union.","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":108.48,"y":88.45,"width":269.89,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":378.37,"MarginBottom":99.72,"MarginTop":88.45,"Value":"an action pending before the Courts of the European Union."}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.53000000000003}},"43":{"pageNum":7,"columnStart":364,"columnEnd":385,"text":"The referring court notes, however, that, according to DA, Decision 2015/1470 does not, as such, prohibit enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 in Belgium. Indeed, in accordance with the case-law of the Court of Justice, as follows, in particular, from the judgment of 16 May 2002, France v. Commission (C-482/99, EU:C:2002:294, paragraph 24), the execution of that award would constitute ‘State aid’ within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU only if that execution is imputable to the Romanian State. However, according to that decision, that is the case only where that State voluntarily implements that award, decisions delivered by the Romanian courts and the bailiffs designated by them must be, for their part, regarded as imputable to the Romanian State. In contrast, if Romania is compelled by a court of another Member State to enforce the arbitration award at issue, that enforcement would not constitute ‘State aid’ within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU. Such enforcement cannot be regarded as imputable to Romania and, therefore, does not infringe that decision. Under Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID Convention, that Member State does not, moreover, have any autonomy as regards the enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":"pa21","paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":"pa21","paragraphLabel":"21.","rectangle":"107, 120, 395, 212","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"The referring court notes, however, that, according to DA, Decision 2015/1470 does not, as such, prohibit enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 in Belgium. Indeed, in accordance with the case-law of the Court of Justice, as follows, in particular, from the judgment of 16 May 2002, France v. Commission (C-482/99, EU:C:2002:294, paragraph 24), the execution of that award would constitute ‘State aid’ within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU only if that execution is imputable to the Romanian State. However, according to that decision, that is the case only where that State voluntarily implements that award, decisions delivered by the Romanian courts and the bailiffs designated by them must be, for their part, regarded as imputable to the Romanian State. In contrast, if Romania is compelled by a court of another Member State to enforce the arbitration award at issue, that enforcement would not constitute ‘State aid’ within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU. Such enforcement cannot be regarded as imputable to Romania and, therefore, does not infringe that decision. Under Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID Convention, that Member State does not, moreover, have any autonomy as regards the enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013.","averageFontSize":11.0,"rowsOfText":16,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":364,"blockId":51,"value":"The referring court notes, however, that, according to DA, Decision 2015/1470 does","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":120.49,"width":395.08,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.96,"MarginBottom":131.76,"MarginTop":120.49,"Value":"The referring court notes, however, that, according to DA, Decision 2015/1470 does"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":365,"blockId":51,"value":"not,","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":133.87,"width":17.27,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":366,"blockId":51,"value":"as","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":130.68,"y":133.87,"width":9.37,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":367,"blockId":51,"value":"such, prohibit enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 in","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":145.56,"y":133.87,"width":357.1,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.66,"MarginBottom":145.14000000000001,"MarginTop":133.87,"Value":"not, as such, prohibit enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 in"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":368,"blockId":51,"value":"Belgium. 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However, according to that decision, that is the case only where"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":374,"blockId":51,"value":"that State voluntarily implements that award, decisions delivered by the Romanian","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":214.57,"width":395.0,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.88,"MarginBottom":225.84,"MarginTop":214.57,"Value":"that State voluntarily implements that award, decisions delivered by the Romanian"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":375,"blockId":51,"value":"courts and the bailiffs designated by them must be, for their part, regarded as imputable","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":228.01,"width":395.08,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.96,"MarginBottom":239.28,"MarginTop":228.01,"Value":"courts and the bailiffs designated by them must be, for their part, regarded as imputable"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":376,"blockId":51,"value":"to","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#101210","x":107.88,"y":241.45,"width":8.82,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":377,"blockId":51,"value":"the Romanian State. In contrast, if Romania is compelled by a court of another","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":121.56,"y":241.45,"width":381.06,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.62,"MarginBottom":252.72,"MarginTop":241.45,"Value":"to the Romanian State. In contrast, if Romania is compelled by a court of another"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":378,"blockId":51,"value":"Member State to enforce the arbitration award at issue, that enforcement would not","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":254.89,"width":395.04,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.92,"MarginBottom":266.15999999999997,"MarginTop":254.89,"Value":"Member State to enforce the arbitration award at issue, that enforcement would not"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":379,"blockId":51,"value":"constitute ‘State aid’ within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU. 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In those circumstances, the Cour d’appel de Bruxelles decided to stay proceedings and refer the following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling:

“1) Is Decision (EU) 2015/1470 of the European Commission of 30 March 2015 on State aid SA.38517 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) to be understood as referring to payments due from Romania even in a case where payments are recovered against Romania as a result of proceedings to enforce the ICSID arbitral award of 11 December 2013 brought before the courts of a Member State other than Romania?

2) Does EU law itself automatically require a court of a Member State (other than Romania), before which an action is brought to oppose proceedings for the enforcement of an ICSID arbitral award which has the force of res judicata according to the national procedural rules of that Member State, to reject that award, for the sole reason that a non-definitive decision of the European Commission adopted after the date of the award considers enforcement of that award to be contrary to the EU State aid regime?

3) Does EU law, in particular the principle of cooperation in good faith and the principle of res judicata, allow the national court of a Member State (other than Romania) not to comply with its international obligations under the ICSID Convention in a situation where the European Commission has adopted a decision after the date of that award, under which enforcement of the award is regarded as contrary to the EU State aid regime, even when the European
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In those circumstances, the Cour d’appel de Bruxelles decided to stay proceedings and refer the following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling:


“1) Is Decision (EU) 2015/1470 of the European Commission of 30 March 2015 on State aid SA.38517 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) to be understood as referring to payments due from Romania even in a case where payments are recovered against Romania as a result of proceedings to enforce the ICSID arbitral award of 11 December 2013 brought before the courts of a Member State other than Romania?


2) Does EU law itself automatically require a court of a Member State (other than Romania), before which an action is brought to oppose proceedings for the enforcement of an ICSID arbitral award which has the force of res judicata according to the national procedural rules of that Member State, to reject that award, for the sole reason that a non-definitive decision of the European Commission adopted after the date of the award considers enforcement of that award to be contrary to the EU State aid regime?


3) Does EU law, in particular the principle of cooperation in good faith and the principle of res judicata, allow the national court of a Member State (other than Romania) not to comply with its international obligations under the ICSID Convention in a situation where the European Commission has adopted a decision after the date of that award, under which enforcement of the award is regarded as contrary to the EU State aid regime, even when the European

","averageFontSize":10.998652291105122,"rowsOfText":21,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":386,"blockId":52,"value":"22","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":10.0,"color":"#060606","x":82.38,"y":352.57,"width":10.13,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":387,"blockId":52,"value":"In those circumstances, the Cour d’appel de Bruxelles decided to stay proceedings and","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":352.57,"width":395.12,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":82.38,"MarginRight":503.0,"MarginBottom":363.84,"MarginTop":352.57,"Value":"22 In those circumstances, the Cour d’appel de Bruxelles decided to stay proceedings and"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":388,"blockId":52,"value":"refer the following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling:","fontName":"Times New 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Such an agreement is therefore liable to result in a situation in which those disputes are not settled in a way that ensures the full effectiveness of that law (judgments of 26 October 2021, PL Holdings, C-109/20, EU:C:2021:875, paragraph 45, and of 25 January 2022, Commission v European Food and Others, C-638/19 P, EU:C:2022:50, paragraph 139).","averageFontSize":11.0,"rowsOfText":9,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":519,"blockId":68,"value":"By concluding such an agreement, the Member States which are parties to it agree to","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":285.19,"width":395.04,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.92,"MarginBottom":296.46,"MarginTop":285.19,"Value":"By concluding such an agreement, the Member States which are parties to it agree to"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":520,"blockId":68,"value":"remove from the jurisdiction of their own courts and, therefore, from the system of","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":298.63,"width":395.03,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.90999999999997,"MarginBottom":309.9,"MarginTop":298.63,"Value":"remove from the jurisdiction of their own courts and, therefore, from the system of"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":521,"blockId":68,"value":"judicial remedies which the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU requires them","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":312.07,"width":395.05,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.93,"MarginBottom":323.34,"MarginTop":312.07,"Value":"judicial remedies which the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU requires them"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":522,"blockId":68,"value":"to establish in the fields covered by","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":325.51,"width":181.92,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":523,"blockId":68,"value":"EU law, disputes which may concern the","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":296.34,"y":325.51,"width":206.67,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":503.01,"MarginBottom":336.78,"MarginTop":325.51,"Value":"to establish in the fields covered by EU law, disputes which may concern the"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":524,"blockId":68,"value":"application or interpretation of EU law. 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Such an agreement is therefore liable to result"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":525,"blockId":68,"value":"in a situation in which those disputes are","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":352.39,"width":196.18,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":526,"blockId":68,"value":"not settled in a way that ensures the full","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":308.82,"y":352.39,"width":194.22,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":503.03999999999996,"MarginBottom":363.65999999999997,"MarginTop":352.39,"Value":"in a situation in which those disputes are not settled in a way that ensures the full"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":527,"blockId":68,"value":"effectiveness of that law (judgments of","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":365.83,"width":187.88,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":528,"blockId":68,"value":"26 October 2021, PL Holdings, C-109/20,","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":300.96,"y":365.83,"width":201.91,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.87,"MarginBottom":377.09999999999997,"MarginTop":365.83,"Value":"effectiveness of that law (judgments of 26 October 2021, PL Holdings, C-109/20,"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":529,"blockId":68,"value":"EU:C:2021:875, paragraph 45, and of 25 January 2022, Commission v European Food","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":379.27,"width":395.13,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":503.01,"MarginBottom":390.53999999999996,"MarginTop":379.27,"Value":"EU:C:2021:875, paragraph 45, and of 25 January 2022, Commission v European Food"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":530,"blockId":68,"value":"and Others, C-638/19 P, EU:C:2022:50, paragraph 139).","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":392.77,"width":254.82,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":362.7,"MarginBottom":404.03999999999996,"MarginTop":392.77,"Value":"and Others, C-638/19 P, EU:C:2022:50, paragraph 139)."}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":503.03999999999996}},"60":{"pageNum":9,"columnStart":532,"columnEnd":543,"text":"In the present case, as from 1 January 2007, the date of Romania’s accession to the European Union, EU law, in particular Articles 107 and 108 TFEU, was applicable to that Member State. It is, moreover, common ground that the compensation sought by the arbitration applicants which gave rise to the arbitration award of 11 December 2013, which is the subject of Decision 2015/1470, did not relate exclusively to the damage allegedly suffered before that date of accession. Consequently, the dispute before the arbitral tribunal cannot be regarded as being confined in its entirety to a period during which Romania, which had not yet acceded to the European Union, was not yet bound by the rules and principles referred to in paragraphs 33 and 34 of the present order (see, to that effect, judgment of 25 January 2022, Commission v European Food and Others, C-638/19 P, EU:C:2022:50, paragraph 140).","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":"pa35","paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":"pa35","paragraphLabel":"35.","rectangle":"107, 417, 395, 145","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"In the present case, as from 1 January 2007, the date of Romania’s accession to the European Union, EU law, in particular Articles 107 and 108 TFEU, was applicable to that Member State. 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Consequently, the dispute before the arbitral tribunal cannot be regarded as being confined in its entirety to a period during which Romania, which had not yet acceded to the European Union, was not yet bound by the rules and principles referred to in paragraphs 33 and 34 of the present order (see, to that effect, judgment of 25 January 2022, Commission v European Food and Others, C-638/19 P, EU:C:2022:50, paragraph 140).","averageFontSize":11.0,"rowsOfText":11,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":532,"blockId":69,"value":"In the present case, as from 1 January 2007, the date of Romania’s accession to the","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":417.43,"width":395.05,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.93,"MarginBottom":428.7,"MarginTop":417.43,"Value":"In the present case, as from 1 January 2007, the date of Romania’s accession to the"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":533,"blockId":69,"value":"European Union, EU law, in particular Articles 107 and 108 TFEU, was applicable to","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":430.93,"width":395.15,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":503.03,"MarginBottom":442.2,"MarginTop":430.93,"Value":"European Union, EU law, in particular Articles 107 and 108 TFEU, was applicable to"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":534,"blockId":69,"value":"that Member State. 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Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court.

On those grounds, the Court (Tenth Chamber) hereby:

EU law, in particular Articles 267 and 344 TFEU, must be interpreted as meaning that a court of a Member State seised of the enforcement of the arbitral award which was the subject of Commission Decision (EU) 2015/1470 of 30 March 2015 on State aid SA.38517 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) implemented by Romania – Arbitral award in Micula v Romania of 11 December 2013, is required to set aside that award and, therefore, may not, in any event, enforce it in order to enable its beneficiaries to obtain payment of the damages which it awards them.
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Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court.


On those grounds, the Court (Tenth Chamber) hereby:


EU law, in particular Articles 267 and 344 TFEU, must be interpreted as meaning that a court of a Member State seised of the enforcement of the arbitral award which was the subject of Commission Decision (EU) 2015/1470 of 30 March 2015 on State aid SA.38517 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) implemented by Romania – Arbitral award in Micula v Romania of 11 December 2013, is required to set aside that award and, therefore, may not, in any event, enforce it in order to enable its beneficiaries to obtain payment of the damages which it awards them.

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Luxembourg, 21 September 2022.

The Registrar
A. Calot Escobar

President of the Xth Chamber
I. Jarukaitis
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Luxembourg, 21 September 2022.


The Registrar

A. Calot Escobar


President of the Xth Chamber

I. Jarukaitis

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order that DA served on Eurocontrol, for the responsibility of Romania, in Belgium on the basis of an arbitration award.","averageFontSize":10.997991967871487,"rowsOfText":7,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":67,"blockId":19,"value":"2","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":10.0,"color":null,"x":82.56,"y":102.37,"width":5.03,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":68,"blockId":19,"value":"This request has been made in proceedings between DA and FC, Swedish nationals","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#050505","x":108.12,"y":102.37,"width":394.67,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":82.56,"MarginRight":502.79,"MarginBottom":113.64,"MarginTop":102.37,"Value":"2 This request has been made in proceedings between DA and FC, Swedish nationals"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":69,"blockId":19,"value":"residing in Romania, as well as European Food SA, Starmill SRL and Multipack SRL,","fontName":"Times New 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The legal framework

International law

ICSID Convention
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The legal framework


International law


ICSID Convention

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The Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, concluded in Washington on 18 March 1965 (‘the ICSID Convention’), which entered into force with respect to Romania on 12 October 1975, provides in Article 53(1):

‘The award shall be binding on the parties and shall not be subject to any appeal or to any other remedy except those provided for in this Convention. Each party shall abide by and comply with the terms of the award …’
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":"pa3","paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":"pa3","paragraphLabel":"3.","rectangle":"82, 314, 419, 108","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

The Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, concluded in Washington on 18 March 1965 (‘the ICSID Convention’), which entered into force with respect to Romania on 12 October 1975, provides in Article 53(1):


‘The award shall be binding on the parties and shall not be subject to any appeal or to any other remedy except those provided for in this Convention. Each party shall abide by and comply with the terms of the award …’

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Each party shall abide","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#050505","x":108.48,"y":398.23,"width":394.29,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.77000000000004,"MarginBottom":409.5,"MarginTop":398.23,"Value":"any other remedy except those provided for in this Convention. Each party shall abide"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":98,"blockId":21,"value":"by and comply with the terms of the award …’","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#050505","x":108.48,"y":412.33,"width":211.18,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":319.66,"MarginBottom":423.59999999999997,"MarginTop":412.33,"Value":"by and comply with the terms of the award …’"}],"MarginLeft":82.92,"MarginRight":502.88}},{"pageNum":3,"columnStart":99,"columnEnd":104,"text":"
Article 54(1) of the ICSID Convention provides:

‘Each Contracting State shall recognise an award rendered pursuant to this Convention as binding and enforce the pecuniary obligations imposed by that award within its territories as if it were a final judgment of a court in that State …’
The BIT
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Article 54(1) of the ICSID Convention provides:


‘Each Contracting State shall recognise an award rendered pursuant to this Convention as binding and enforce the pecuniary obligations imposed by that award within its territories as if it were a final judgment of a court in that State …’

The BIT

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The Bilateral Investment Treaty concluded on 29 May 2002 between the Swedish Government and the Romanian Government on the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments (‘the BIT’), which entered into force on 1 July 2003, provides, in Article 2(3):

‘Each Contracting Party shall at all times ensure fair and equitable treatment of the investments by investors of the other Contracting Party and shall not impair, by means of arbitrary or discriminatory measures, the administration, management, maintenance, use, enjoyment or disposal thereof by those investors’.
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The Bilateral Investment Treaty concluded on 29 May 2002 between the Swedish Government and the Romanian Government on the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments (‘the BIT’), which entered into force on 1 July 2003, provides, in Article 2(3):


‘Each Contracting Party shall at all times ensure fair and equitable treatment of the investments by investors of the other Contracting Party and shall not impair, by means of arbitrary or discriminatory measures, the administration, management, maintenance, use, enjoyment or disposal thereof by those investors’.

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Decision 2015/1470, adopted by the Commission on the basis of, inter alia, Article 108(2) TFEU, states:

‘Article 1

The payment of the compensation awarded by the arbitral tribunal […] by award of 11 December 2013 in Case No ARB/05/20 Micula a.o. v Romania to the single economic unit comprising, [DA], [FC], […] European Food […], […] Starmill […], […] Multipack, European Drinks SA, Rieni Drinks SA, Scandic Distilleries SA, Transilvania General Import-Export SRL and West Leasing International SRL constitutes State aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) [TFEU] which is incompatible with the internal market.

Article 2

1. Romania shall not pay out any incompatible aid referred to in Article 1 and shall recover any incompatible aid referred to in Article 1 which has already been paid out to any one of the entities constituting the single economic unit benefiting from that aid in partial implementation or execution of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013, as well as any aid paid out to any one of the entities constituting the single economic unit benefiting from that aid in further implementation of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 that the Commission has not been made aware of or that is paid out after the date of this Decision.

2. [DA], [DC], […] European Food […], […] Starmill […], […] Multipack, European Drinks […], Rieni Drinks […], Scandic Distilleries […], Transilvania General Import- Export […] and West Leasing […] shall be jointly liable to repay the State aid received by any one of them.

[…]

7. Romania shall ensure that no further payments of the aid referred to in Article 1 shall be effected with effect from the date of adoption of this Decision.

Article 3

1. Recovery of the aid referred to in Article 1 shall be immediate and effective.

2. Romania shall ensure that this Decision is implemented within four months following the date of notification of this Decision.

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Decision 2015/1470, adopted by the Commission on the basis of, inter alia, Article 108(2) TFEU, states:


‘Article 1


The payment of the compensation awarded by the arbitral tribunal […] by award of 11 December 2013 in Case No ARB/05/20 Micula a.o. v Romania to the single economic unit comprising, [DA], [FC], […] European Food […], […] Starmill […], […] Multipack, European Drinks SA, Rieni Drinks SA, Scandic Distilleries SA, Transilvania General Import-Export SRL and West Leasing International SRL constitutes State aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) [TFEU] which is incompatible with the internal market.


Article 2


1. Romania shall not pay out any incompatible aid referred to in Article 1 and shall recover any incompatible aid referred to in Article 1 which has already been paid out to any one of the entities constituting the single economic unit benefiting from that aid in partial implementation or execution of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013, as well as any aid paid out to any one of the entities constituting the single economic unit benefiting from that aid in further implementation of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 that the Commission has not been made aware of or that is paid out after the date of this Decision.


2. [DA], [DC], […] European Food […], […] Starmill […], […] Multipack, European Drinks […], Rieni Drinks […], Scandic Distilleries […], Transilvania General Import- Export […] and West Leasing […] shall be jointly liable to repay the State aid received by any one of them.


[…]


7. Romania shall ensure that no further payments of the aid referred to in Article 1 shall be effected with effect from the date of adoption of this Decision.


Article 3


1. Recovery of the aid referred to in Article 1 shall be immediate and effective.


2. Romania shall ensure that this Decision is implemented within four months following the date of notification of this Decision.


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[…]

Article 5

This Decision is addressed to Romania.’
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[…]


Article 5


This Decision is addressed to Romania.’

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That attachment order was therefore made on the basis of an arbitral award endorsed with an enforcement order, which Article 54 of the ICSID Convention requires each Contracting State, including the Kingdom of Belgium, to recognise and enforce.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":"pa19","paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":"pa19","paragraphLabel":"19.","rectangle":"108, 381, 394, 152","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"In its order for reference, the cour d’appel de Bruxelles [Brussels Court of Appeal], after upholding the rejection of the voluntary intervention of FC, European Food, Starmill and Multipack before the first court, but declaring admissible their voluntary intervention in the appeal proceedings, states, as regards the examination of the merits of the attachment order of 9 September 2015, that the arbitral award of 11 December 2013, which follows arbitration proceedings in which the Commission participated as amicus curiae and which has since become final, constitutes a legally enforceable title in itself. That attachment order was therefore made on the basis of an arbitral award endorsed with an enforcement order, which Article 54 of the ICSID Convention requires each Contracting State, including the Kingdom of Belgium, to recognise and enforce.","averageFontSize":11.0,"rowsOfText":11,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":326,"blockId":48,"value":"In its order for reference, the cour d’appel de Bruxelles [Brussels Court of Appeal],","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":381.67,"width":394.32,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.8,"MarginBottom":392.94,"MarginTop":381.67,"Value":"In its order for reference, the cour d’appel de Bruxelles [Brussels Court of Appeal],"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":327,"blockId":48,"value":"after upholding the rejection of the voluntary intervention of FC, European Food,","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":395.77,"width":394.37,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.85,"MarginBottom":407.03999999999996,"MarginTop":395.77,"Value":"after upholding the rejection of the voluntary intervention of FC, European Food,"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":328,"blockId":48,"value":"Starmill and Multipack before the first court, but declaring admissible their voluntary","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":409.81,"width":394.36,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.84000000000003,"MarginBottom":421.08,"MarginTop":409.81,"Value":"Starmill and Multipack before the first court, but declaring admissible their voluntary"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":329,"blockId":48,"value":"intervention in the appeal proceedings, states, as regards the examination of the merits","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":423.91,"width":394.51,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.99,"MarginBottom":435.18,"MarginTop":423.91,"Value":"intervention in the appeal proceedings, states, as regards the examination of the merits"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":330,"blockId":48,"value":"of the attachment order of 9 September 2015, that the arbitral award of 11 December","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":438.07,"width":394.38,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.86,"MarginBottom":449.34,"MarginTop":438.07,"Value":"of the attachment order of 9 September 2015, that the arbitral award of 11 December"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":331,"blockId":48,"value":"2013, which follows arbitration proceedings in which the Commission participated as","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":452.17,"width":394.36,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.84000000000003,"MarginBottom":463.44,"MarginTop":452.17,"Value":"2013, which follows arbitration proceedings in which the Commission participated as"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":332,"blockId":48,"value":"amicus curiae and which has since become final, constitutes a legally enforceable title","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":466.27,"width":394.35,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.83000000000004,"MarginBottom":477.53999999999996,"MarginTop":466.27,"Value":"amicus curiae and which has since become final, constitutes a legally enforceable title"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":333,"blockId":48,"value":"in itself. That attachment order was therefore made on the basis of an arbitral award","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":480.31,"width":394.32,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.8,"MarginBottom":491.58,"MarginTop":480.31,"Value":"in itself. That attachment order was therefore made on the basis of an arbitral award"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":334,"blockId":48,"value":"endorsed with an enforcement order, which Article 54 of the ICSID Convention","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":494.41,"width":394.4,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.88,"MarginBottom":505.68,"MarginTop":494.41,"Value":"endorsed with an enforcement order, which Article 54 of the ICSID Convention"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":335,"blockId":48,"value":"requires each Contracting State, including the Kingdom of Belgium, to recognise and","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":508.51,"width":394.43,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.91,"MarginBottom":519.78,"MarginTop":508.51,"Value":"requires each Contracting State, including the Kingdom of Belgium, to recognise and"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":336,"blockId":48,"value":"enforce.","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":522.61,"width":36.57,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":145.05,"MarginBottom":533.88,"MarginTop":522.61,"Value":"enforce."}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.99}},{"pageNum":6,"columnStart":338,"columnEnd":355,"text":"However, the referring court observes that a fait du prince constitutes an external cause which acts as a discharge capable of justifying the failure of a debtor to pay a creditor with a valid enforcement order. In the present case, however, Decision 2015/1470 is presented as a major obstacle to the enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013. That decision, adopted after the latter, prohibits Romania from implementing that award, since that decision considers that the payment of the damages awarded by that award constitutes ‘State aid’, within the meaning of Article 107 (I) TFEU, incompatible with the internal market, and requires Romania to recover the amounts of aid already paid. There is therefore a real risk of conflict between, on one hand, the decision of a national court confirming, pursuant to Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID Convention, an attachment order implementing the award of","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":"pa20","paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":"pa20","paragraphLabel":"20.","rectangle":"108, 549, 394, 152","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":true,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"However, the referring court observes that a fait du prince constitutes an external cause which acts as a discharge capable of justifying the failure of a debtor to pay a creditor with a valid enforcement order. In the present case, however, Decision 2015/1470 is presented as a major obstacle to the enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013. That decision, adopted after the latter, prohibits Romania from implementing that award, since that decision considers that the payment of the damages awarded by that award constitutes ‘State aid’, within the meaning of Article 107 (I) TFEU, incompatible with the internal market, and requires Romania to recover the amounts of aid already paid. There is therefore a real risk of conflict between, on one hand, the decision of a national court confirming, pursuant to Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID Convention, an attachment order implementing the award of","averageFontSize":11.0,"rowsOfText":11,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":338,"blockId":49,"value":"However, the referring court observes that a fait du prince constitutes an external cause","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":549.61,"width":394.38,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.86,"MarginBottom":560.88,"MarginTop":549.61,"Value":"However, the referring court observes that a fait du prince constitutes an external cause"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":339,"blockId":49,"value":"which acts as a discharge capable of justifying the failure of a debtor to pay a creditor","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":563.71,"width":394.38,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.86,"MarginBottom":574.98,"MarginTop":563.71,"Value":"which acts as a discharge capable of justifying the failure of a debtor to pay a creditor"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":340,"blockId":49,"value":"with a valid enforcement order. In the present case, however, Decision 2015/1470 is","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":577.81,"width":394.32,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.8,"MarginBottom":589.0799999999999,"MarginTop":577.81,"Value":"with a valid enforcement order. In the present case, however, Decision 2015/1470 is"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":341,"blockId":49,"value":"presented as a major obstacle to the enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":591.97,"width":394.29,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.77000000000004,"MarginBottom":603.24,"MarginTop":591.97,"Value":"presented as a major obstacle to the enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":342,"blockId":49,"value":"2013. 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That decision, adopted after the latter, prohibits Romania from implementing"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":343,"blockId":49,"value":"that award, since that decision considers that the payment of the damages awarded by","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":620.11,"width":394.36,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.84000000000003,"MarginBottom":631.38,"MarginTop":620.11,"Value":"that award, since that decision considers that the payment of the damages awarded by"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":344,"blockId":49,"value":"that award constitutes ‘State aid’, within the meaning of Article 107 (I) TFEU,","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":634.21,"width":394.41,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.89000000000004,"MarginBottom":645.48,"MarginTop":634.21,"Value":"that award constitutes ‘State aid’, within the meaning of Article 107 (I) TFEU,"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":345,"blockId":49,"value":"incompatible with the internal market, and requires Romania to recover the amounts of","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":648.31,"width":394.32,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.8,"MarginBottom":659.5799999999999,"MarginTop":648.31,"Value":"incompatible with the internal market, and requires Romania to recover the amounts of"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":346,"blockId":49,"value":"aid already paid. 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There is therefore a real risk of conflict between, on one hand, the"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":347,"blockId":49,"value":"decision of a national court confirming, pursuant to Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":676.51,"width":394.32,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.8,"MarginBottom":687.78,"MarginTop":676.51,"Value":"decision of a national court confirming, pursuant to Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":348,"blockId":49,"value":"Convention,","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":690.55,"width":55.41,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":349,"blockId":49,"value":"an","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":184.1,"y":690.55,"width":10.67,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":350,"blockId":49,"value":"attachment","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":215.05,"y":690.55,"width":49.37,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":351,"blockId":49,"value":"order","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":284.64,"y":690.55,"width":23.79,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":352,"blockId":49,"value":"implementing","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":328.65,"y":690.55,"width":62.63,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":353,"blockId":49,"value":"the","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":411.54,"y":690.55,"width":13.78,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":354,"blockId":49,"value":"award","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":445.54,"y":690.55,"width":27.58,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":355,"blockId":49,"value":"of","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":493.34,"y":690.55,"width":9.46,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.79999999999995,"MarginBottom":701.8199999999999,"MarginTop":690.55,"Value":"Convention, an attachment order implementing the award of"}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":503.01}},{"pageNum":7,"columnStart":361,"columnEnd":362,"text":"11 December 2013 and, on the other hand, Decision 2015/1470, which is the subject of an action pending before the Courts of the European Union.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":null,"paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":null,"paragraphLabel":"","rectangle":"108, 74, 394, 25","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"11 December 2013 and, on the other hand, Decision 2015/1470, which is the subject of an action pending before the Courts of the European Union.","averageFontSize":11.0,"rowsOfText":2,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":361,"blockId":50,"value":"11 December 2013 and, on the other hand, Decision 2015/1470, which is the subject of","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":108.48,"y":74.41,"width":394.05,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.53000000000003,"MarginBottom":85.67999999999999,"MarginTop":74.41,"Value":"11 December 2013 and, on the other hand, Decision 2015/1470, which is the subject of"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":362,"blockId":50,"value":"an action pending before the Courts of the European Union.","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":108.48,"y":88.45,"width":269.89,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":378.37,"MarginBottom":99.72,"MarginTop":88.45,"Value":"an action pending before the Courts of the European Union."}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.53000000000003}},{"pageNum":7,"columnStart":364,"columnEnd":385,"text":"The referring court notes, however, that, according to DA, Decision 2015/1470 does not, as such, prohibit enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 in Belgium. Indeed, in accordance with the case-law of the Court of Justice, as follows, in particular, from the judgment of 16 May 2002, France v. Commission (C-482/99, EU:C:2002:294, paragraph 24), the execution of that award would constitute ‘State aid’ within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU only if that execution is imputable to the Romanian State. However, according to that decision, that is the case only where that State voluntarily implements that award, decisions delivered by the Romanian courts and the bailiffs designated by them must be, for their part, regarded as imputable to the Romanian State. In contrast, if Romania is compelled by a court of another Member State to enforce the arbitration award at issue, that enforcement would not constitute ‘State aid’ within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU. Such enforcement cannot be regarded as imputable to Romania and, therefore, does not infringe that decision. Under Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID Convention, that Member State does not, moreover, have any autonomy as regards the enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":"pa21","paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":"pa21","paragraphLabel":"21.","rectangle":"107, 120, 395, 212","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"The referring court notes, however, that, according to DA, Decision 2015/1470 does not, as such, prohibit enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 in Belgium. Indeed, in accordance with the case-law of the Court of Justice, as follows, in particular, from the judgment of 16 May 2002, France v. Commission (C-482/99, EU:C:2002:294, paragraph 24), the execution of that award would constitute ‘State aid’ within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU only if that execution is imputable to the Romanian State. However, according to that decision, that is the case only where that State voluntarily implements that award, decisions delivered by the Romanian courts and the bailiffs designated by them must be, for their part, regarded as imputable to the Romanian State. In contrast, if Romania is compelled by a court of another Member State to enforce the arbitration award at issue, that enforcement would not constitute ‘State aid’ within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU. Such enforcement cannot be regarded as imputable to Romania and, therefore, does not infringe that decision. Under Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID Convention, that Member State does not, moreover, have any autonomy as regards the enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013.","averageFontSize":11.0,"rowsOfText":16,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":364,"blockId":51,"value":"The referring court notes, however, that, according to DA, Decision 2015/1470 does","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":120.49,"width":395.08,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.96,"MarginBottom":131.76,"MarginTop":120.49,"Value":"The referring court notes, however, that, according to DA, Decision 2015/1470 does"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":365,"blockId":51,"value":"not,","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":133.87,"width":17.27,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":366,"blockId":51,"value":"as","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":130.68,"y":133.87,"width":9.37,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":367,"blockId":51,"value":"such, prohibit enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 in","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":145.56,"y":133.87,"width":357.1,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.66,"MarginBottom":145.14000000000001,"MarginTop":133.87,"Value":"not, as such, prohibit enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 in"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":368,"blockId":51,"value":"Belgium. 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In contrast, if Romania is compelled by a court of another","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":121.56,"y":241.45,"width":381.06,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.62,"MarginBottom":252.72,"MarginTop":241.45,"Value":"to the Romanian State. In contrast, if Romania is compelled by a court of another"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":378,"blockId":51,"value":"Member State to enforce the arbitration award at issue, that enforcement would not","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":254.89,"width":395.04,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.92,"MarginBottom":266.15999999999997,"MarginTop":254.89,"Value":"Member State to enforce the arbitration award at issue, that enforcement would not"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":379,"blockId":51,"value":"constitute ‘State aid’ within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU. 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Such enforcement"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":380,"blockId":51,"value":"cannot be regarded as imputable","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":281.83,"width":154.86,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":381,"blockId":51,"value":"to","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#101210","x":267.78,"y":281.83,"width":8.7,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":382,"blockId":51,"value":"Romania and, therefore, does not infringe that","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":281.58,"y":281.83,"width":221.44,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":503.02,"MarginBottom":293.09999999999997,"MarginTop":281.83,"Value":"cannot be regarded as imputable to Romania and, therefore, does not infringe that"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":383,"blockId":51,"value":"decision. Under Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID Convention, that Member State does","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":295.21,"width":395.08,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.96,"MarginBottom":306.47999999999996,"MarginTop":295.21,"Value":"decision. Under Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID Convention, that Member State does"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":384,"blockId":51,"value":"not, moreover, have any autonomy as regards the enforcement of the arbitral award of","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":308.71,"width":394.97,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.85,"MarginBottom":319.97999999999996,"MarginTop":308.71,"Value":"not, moreover, have any autonomy as regards the enforcement of the arbitral award of"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":385,"blockId":51,"value":"11 December 2013.","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":322.09,"width":88.62,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":196.5,"MarginBottom":333.35999999999996,"MarginTop":322.09,"Value":"11 December 2013."}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":503.05}},{"pageNum":7,"columnStart":386,"columnEnd":413,"text":"
In those circumstances, the Cour d’appel de Bruxelles decided to stay proceedings and refer the following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling:

“1) Is Decision (EU) 2015/1470 of the European Commission of 30 March 2015 on State aid SA.38517 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) to be understood as referring to payments due from Romania even in a case where payments are recovered against Romania as a result of proceedings to enforce the ICSID arbitral award of 11 December 2013 brought before the courts of a Member State other than Romania?

2) Does EU law itself automatically require a court of a Member State (other than Romania), before which an action is brought to oppose proceedings for the enforcement of an ICSID arbitral award which has the force of res judicata according to the national procedural rules of that Member State, to reject that award, for the sole reason that a non-definitive decision of the European Commission adopted after the date of the award considers enforcement of that award to be contrary to the EU State aid regime?

3) Does EU law, in particular the principle of cooperation in good faith and the principle of res judicata, allow the national court of a Member State (other than Romania) not to comply with its international obligations under the ICSID Convention in a situation where the European Commission has adopted a decision after the date of that award, under which enforcement of the award is regarded as contrary to the EU State aid regime, even when the European
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In those circumstances, the Cour d’appel de Bruxelles decided to stay proceedings and refer the following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling:


“1) Is Decision (EU) 2015/1470 of the European Commission of 30 March 2015 on State aid SA.38517 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) to be understood as referring to payments due from Romania even in a case where payments are recovered against Romania as a result of proceedings to enforce the ICSID arbitral award of 11 December 2013 brought before the courts of a Member State other than Romania?


2) Does EU law itself automatically require a court of a Member State (other than Romania), before which an action is brought to oppose proceedings for the enforcement of an ICSID arbitral award which has the force of res judicata according to the national procedural rules of that Member State, to reject that award, for the sole reason that a non-definitive decision of the European Commission adopted after the date of the award considers enforcement of that award to be contrary to the EU State aid regime?


3) Does EU law, in particular the principle of cooperation in good faith and the principle of res judicata, allow the national court of a Member State (other than Romania) not to comply with its international obligations under the ICSID Convention in a situation where the European Commission has adopted a decision after the date of that award, under which enforcement of the award is regarded as contrary to the EU State aid regime, even when the European

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Such an agreement is therefore liable to result in a situation in which those disputes are not settled in a way that ensures the full effectiveness of that law (judgments of 26 October 2021, PL Holdings, C-109/20, EU:C:2021:875, paragraph 45, and of 25 January 2022, Commission v European Food and Others, C-638/19 P, EU:C:2022:50, paragraph 139).","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":"pa34","paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":"pa34","paragraphLabel":"34.","rectangle":"107, 285, 395, 118","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"By concluding such an agreement, the Member States which are parties to it agree to remove from the jurisdiction of their own courts and, therefore, from the system of judicial remedies which the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU requires them to establish in the fields covered by EU law, disputes which may concern the application or interpretation of EU law. Such an agreement is therefore liable to result in a situation in which those disputes are not settled in a way that ensures the full effectiveness of that law (judgments of 26 October 2021, PL Holdings, C-109/20, EU:C:2021:875, paragraph 45, and of 25 January 2022, Commission v European Food and Others, C-638/19 P, EU:C:2022:50, paragraph 139).","averageFontSize":11.0,"rowsOfText":9,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":519,"blockId":68,"value":"By concluding such an agreement, the Member States which are parties to it agree to","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":285.19,"width":395.04,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.92,"MarginBottom":296.46,"MarginTop":285.19,"Value":"By concluding such an agreement, the Member States which are parties to it agree to"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":520,"blockId":68,"value":"remove from the jurisdiction of their own courts and, therefore, from the system of","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":298.63,"width":395.03,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.90999999999997,"MarginBottom":309.9,"MarginTop":298.63,"Value":"remove from the jurisdiction of their own courts and, therefore, from the system of"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":521,"blockId":68,"value":"judicial remedies which the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU requires them","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":312.07,"width":395.05,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.93,"MarginBottom":323.34,"MarginTop":312.07,"Value":"judicial remedies which the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU requires them"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":522,"blockId":68,"value":"to establish in the fields covered by","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":325.51,"width":181.92,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":523,"blockId":68,"value":"EU law, disputes which may concern the","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":296.34,"y":325.51,"width":206.67,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":503.01,"MarginBottom":336.78,"MarginTop":325.51,"Value":"to establish in the fields covered by EU law, disputes which may concern the"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":524,"blockId":68,"value":"application or interpretation of EU law. 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It is, moreover, common ground that the compensation sought by the arbitration applicants which gave rise to the arbitration award of 11 December 2013, which is the subject of Decision 2015/1470, did not relate exclusively to the damage allegedly suffered before that date of accession. Consequently, the dispute before the arbitral tribunal cannot be regarded as being confined in its entirety to a period during which Romania, which had not yet acceded to the European Union, was not yet bound by the rules and principles referred to in paragraphs 33 and 34 of the present order (see, to that effect, judgment of 25 January 2022, Commission v European Food and Others, C-638/19 P, EU:C:2022:50, paragraph 140).","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":"pa35","paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":"pa35","paragraphLabel":"35.","rectangle":"107, 417, 395, 145","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"In the present case, as from 1 January 2007, the date of Romania’s accession to the European Union, EU law, in particular Articles 107 and 108 TFEU, was applicable to that Member State. 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provided for in the EU and FEU Treaties replaced that"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":618,"blockId":75,"value":"arbitration procedure, the consent given by that State to that effect is now devoid of","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":107.88,"y":428.71,"width":395.09,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.96999999999997,"MarginBottom":439.97999999999996,"MarginTop":428.71,"Value":"arbitration procedure, the consent given by that State to that effect is now devoid of"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":619,"blockId":75,"value":"any purpose (judgment of 25 January 2022, Commission v European Food and Others,","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":107.88,"y":442.21,"width":395.05,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.93,"MarginBottom":453.47999999999996,"MarginTop":442.21,"Value":"any purpose (judgment of 25 January 2022, Commission v European Food and Others,"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":620,"blockId":75,"value":"C-638/19 P, EU:C:2022:50, paragraph 145).","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":107.88,"y":455.65,"width":200.04,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":307.91999999999996,"MarginBottom":466.91999999999996,"MarginTop":455.65,"Value":"C-638/19 P, EU:C:2022:50, paragraph 145)."}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.99}},{"pageNum":10,"columnStart":622,"columnEnd":628,"text":"It follows that the arbitration clause provided by the BIT, in so far as it formed the basis of the arbitration award which is the subject of Decision 2015/1470, called into question the preservation of the specific nature of EU law ensured by the preliminary ruling procedure, in breach of the principles of sincere cooperation and the autonomy of EU law (see, to that effect, judgments of 6 March 2018, Achmea, C-284/16, EU:C:2018:158, paragraphs 58 and 59, and of 26 October 2021, PL Holdings, C- 109/20,EU:C:2021:875, paragraph 46).","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":"pa41","paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":"pa41","paragraphLabel":"41.","rectangle":"107, 480, 395, 91","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"It follows that the arbitration clause provided by the BIT, in so far as it formed the basis of the arbitration award which is the subject of Decision 2015/1470, called into question the preservation of the specific nature of EU law ensured by the preliminary ruling procedure, in breach of the principles of sincere cooperation and the autonomy of EU law (see, to that effect, judgments of 6 March 2018, Achmea, C-284/16, EU:C:2018:158, paragraphs 58 and 59, and of 26 October 2021, PL Holdings, C- 109/20,EU:C:2021:875, paragraph 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11","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"In the light of that answer, there is no longer any need to answer the first question.","averageFontSize":11.0,"rowsOfText":1,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":648,"blockId":81,"value":"In the light of that answer, there is no longer any need to answer the first question.","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":139.45,"width":371.25,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":479.13,"MarginBottom":150.72,"MarginTop":139.45,"Value":"In the light of that answer, there is no longer any need to answer the first question."}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":479.13}},{"pageNum":11,"columnStart":649,"columnEnd":649,"text":"Costs 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Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court.

On those grounds, the Court (Tenth Chamber) hereby:

EU law, in particular Articles 267 and 344 TFEU, must be interpreted as meaning that a court of a Member State seised of the enforcement of the arbitral award which was the subject of Commission Decision (EU) 2015/1470 of 30 March 2015 on State aid SA.38517 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) implemented by Romania – Arbitral award in Micula v Romania of 11 December 2013, is required to set aside that award and, therefore, may not, in any event, enforce it in order to enable its beneficiaries to obtain payment of the damages which it awards them.
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":"pa46","paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":"pa46","paragraphLabel":"46.","rectangle":"107, 188, 395, 166","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court.


On those grounds, the Court (Tenth Chamber) hereby:


EU law, in particular Articles 267 and 344 TFEU, must be interpreted as meaning that a court of a Member State seised of the enforcement of the arbitral award which was the subject of Commission Decision (EU) 2015/1470 of 30 March 2015 on State aid SA.38517 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) implemented by Romania – Arbitral award in Micula v Romania of 11 December 2013, is required to set aside that award and, therefore, may not, in any event, enforce it in order to enable its beneficiaries to obtain payment of the damages which it awards them.

","averageFontSize":11.0,"rowsOfText":10,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":651,"blockId":86,"value":"Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":188.35,"width":395.18,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":503.06,"MarginBottom":199.62,"MarginTop":188.35,"Value":"Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":652,"blockId":86,"value":"pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court.","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":201.85,"width":363.06,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":470.94,"MarginBottom":213.12,"MarginTop":201.85,"Value":"pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court."},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":653,"blockId":86,"value":"On those grounds, the Court (Tenth Chamber) hereby:","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":108.0,"y":237.31,"width":244.75,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.0,"MarginRight":352.75,"MarginBottom":248.58,"MarginTop":237.31,"Value":"On those grounds, the Court (Tenth Chamber) hereby:"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":654,"blockId":86,"value":"EU law, in particular Articles 267 and 344 TFEU, must be interpreted as meaning","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":108.12,"y":263.23,"width":394.96,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":"Bold"}],"MarginLeft":108.12,"MarginRight":503.08,"MarginBottom":274.5,"MarginTop":263.23,"Value":"EU law, in particular Articles 267 and 344 TFEU, must be interpreted as meaning"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":655,"blockId":86,"value":"that a court of a Member State seised of the enforcement of the arbitral award","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.82,"y":276.67,"width":395.36,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":"Bold"}],"MarginLeft":107.82,"MarginRight":503.18,"MarginBottom":287.94,"MarginTop":276.67,"Value":"that a court of a Member State seised of the enforcement of the arbitral award"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":656,"blockId":86,"value":"which was the subject of Commission Decision (EU) 2015/1470 of 30 March 2015","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.82,"y":290.17,"width":395.4,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":"Bold"}],"MarginLeft":107.82,"MarginRight":503.21999999999997,"MarginBottom":301.44,"MarginTop":290.17,"Value":"which was the subject of Commission Decision (EU) 2015/1470 of 30 March 2015"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":657,"blockId":86,"value":"on State aid SA.38517 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) implemented by Romania – Arbitral","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.82,"y":303.55,"width":395.43,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":"Bold"}],"MarginLeft":107.82,"MarginRight":503.25,"MarginBottom":314.82,"MarginTop":303.55,"Value":"on State aid SA.38517 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) implemented by Romania – Arbitral"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":658,"blockId":86,"value":"award in Micula v Romania of 11 December 2013, is required to set aside that","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.82,"y":317.05,"width":395.44,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":"Bold"}],"MarginLeft":107.82,"MarginRight":503.26,"MarginBottom":328.32,"MarginTop":317.05,"Value":"award in Micula v Romania of 11 December 2013, is required to set aside that"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":659,"blockId":86,"value":"award and, therefore, may not, in any event, enforce it in order","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.82,"y":330.43,"width":328.2,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":"Bold"},{"type":3,"id":660,"blockId":86,"value":"to","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":441.06,"y":330.43,"width":9.36,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":"Bold"},{"type":3,"id":661,"blockId":86,"value":"enable its","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":455.52,"y":330.43,"width":47.64,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":"Bold"}],"MarginLeft":107.82,"MarginRight":503.15999999999997,"MarginBottom":341.7,"MarginTop":330.43,"Value":"award and, therefore, may not, in any event, enforce it in order to enable its"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":662,"blockId":86,"value":"beneficiaries to obtain payment of the damages which it awards them.","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.82,"y":343.93,"width":335.22,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":"Bold"}],"MarginLeft":107.82,"MarginRight":443.04,"MarginBottom":355.2,"MarginTop":343.93,"Value":"beneficiaries to obtain payment of the damages which it awards them."}],"MarginLeft":107.82,"MarginRight":503.26}},{"pageNum":11,"columnStart":663,"columnEnd":664,"text":"
Luxembourg, 21 September 2022.

The Registrar
A. Calot Escobar

President of the Xth Chamber
I. Jarukaitis
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":null,"paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":null,"paragraphLabel":"","rectangle":"108, 404, 154, 34","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

Luxembourg, 21 September 2022.


The Registrar

A. Calot Escobar


President of the Xth Chamber

I. Jarukaitis

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composed of I. Jarukaitis, President of the Chamber, E. Regan, President of the Fifth Chamber (Rapporteur), and M. Ilesic, Judge,

Advocate General: M. Szpunar,

Registrar: A. Calot Escobar,

having decided, after hearing the Advocate General, to give a decision by reasoned order, in accordance with Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court,

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composed of I. Jarukaitis, President of the Chamber, E. Regan, President of the Fifth Chamber (Rapporteur), and M. Ilesic, Judge,


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The legal framework

International law

ICSID Convention
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The legal framework


International law


ICSID Convention

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The Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, concluded in Washington on 18 March 1965 (‘the ICSID Convention’), which entered into force with respect to Romania on 12 October 1975, provides in Article 53(1):

‘The award shall be binding on the parties and shall not be subject to any appeal or to any other remedy except those provided for in this Convention. Each party shall abide by and comply with the terms of the award …’
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":"pa3","paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":"pa3","paragraphLabel":"3.","rectangle":"82, 314, 419, 108","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

The Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, concluded in Washington on 18 March 1965 (‘the ICSID Convention’), which entered into force with respect to Romania on 12 October 1975, provides in Article 53(1):


‘The award shall be binding on the parties and shall not be subject to any appeal or to any other remedy except those provided for in this Convention. Each party shall abide by and comply with the terms of the award …’

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Each party shall abide","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#050505","x":108.48,"y":398.23,"width":394.29,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.77000000000004,"MarginBottom":409.5,"MarginTop":398.23,"Value":"any other remedy except those provided for in this Convention. Each party shall abide"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":98,"blockId":21,"value":"by and comply with the terms of the award …’","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#050505","x":108.48,"y":412.33,"width":211.18,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":319.66,"MarginBottom":423.59999999999997,"MarginTop":412.33,"Value":"by and comply with the terms of the award …’"}],"MarginLeft":82.92,"MarginRight":502.88}}},{"Key":21,"Value":{"pageNum":3,"columnStart":99,"columnEnd":104,"text":"
Article 54(1) of the ICSID Convention provides:

‘Each Contracting State shall recognise an award rendered pursuant to this Convention as binding and enforce the pecuniary obligations imposed by that award within its territories as if it were a final judgment of a court in that State …’
The BIT
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Article 54(1) of the ICSID Convention provides:


‘Each Contracting State shall recognise an award rendered pursuant to this Convention as binding and enforce the pecuniary obligations imposed by that award within its territories as if it were a final judgment of a court in that State …’

The BIT

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The Bilateral Investment Treaty concluded on 29 May 2002 between the Swedish Government and the Romanian Government on the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments (‘the BIT’), which entered into force on 1 July 2003, provides, in Article 2(3):

‘Each Contracting Party shall at all times ensure fair and equitable treatment of the investments by investors of the other Contracting Party and shall not impair, by means of arbitrary or discriminatory measures, the administration, management, maintenance, use, enjoyment or disposal thereof by those investors’.
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The Bilateral Investment Treaty concluded on 29 May 2002 between the Swedish Government and the Romanian Government on the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments (‘the BIT’), which entered into force on 1 July 2003, provides, in Article 2(3):


‘Each Contracting Party shall at all times ensure fair and equitable treatment of the investments by investors of the other Contracting Party and shall not impair, by means of arbitrary or discriminatory measures, the administration, management, maintenance, use, enjoyment or disposal thereof by those investors’.

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Decision 2015/1470, adopted by the Commission on the basis of, inter alia, Article 108(2) TFEU, states:

‘Article 1

The payment of the compensation awarded by the arbitral tribunal […] by award of 11 December 2013 in Case No ARB/05/20 Micula a.o. v Romania to the single economic unit comprising, [DA], [FC], […] European Food […], […] Starmill […], […] Multipack, European Drinks SA, Rieni Drinks SA, Scandic Distilleries SA, Transilvania General Import-Export SRL and West Leasing International SRL constitutes State aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) [TFEU] which is incompatible with the internal market.

Article 2

1. Romania shall not pay out any incompatible aid referred to in Article 1 and shall recover any incompatible aid referred to in Article 1 which has already been paid out to any one of the entities constituting the single economic unit benefiting from that aid in partial implementation or execution of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013, as well as any aid paid out to any one of the entities constituting the single economic unit benefiting from that aid in further implementation of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 that the Commission has not been made aware of or that is paid out after the date of this Decision.

2. [DA], [DC], […] European Food […], […] Starmill […], […] Multipack, European Drinks […], Rieni Drinks […], Scandic Distilleries […], Transilvania General Import- Export […] and West Leasing […] shall be jointly liable to repay the State aid received by any one of them.

[…]

7. Romania shall ensure that no further payments of the aid referred to in Article 1 shall be effected with effect from the date of adoption of this Decision.

Article 3

1. Recovery of the aid referred to in Article 1 shall be immediate and effective.

2. Romania shall ensure that this Decision is implemented within four months following the date of notification of this Decision.

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Decision 2015/1470, adopted by the Commission on the basis of, inter alia, Article 108(2) TFEU, states:


‘Article 1


The payment of the compensation awarded by the arbitral tribunal […] by award of 11 December 2013 in Case No ARB/05/20 Micula a.o. v Romania to the single economic unit comprising, [DA], [FC], […] European Food […], […] Starmill […], […] Multipack, European Drinks SA, Rieni Drinks SA, Scandic Distilleries SA, Transilvania General Import-Export SRL and West Leasing International SRL constitutes State aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) [TFEU] which is incompatible with the internal market.


Article 2


1. Romania shall not pay out any incompatible aid referred to in Article 1 and shall recover any incompatible aid referred to in Article 1 which has already been paid out to any one of the entities constituting the single economic unit benefiting from that aid in partial implementation or execution of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013, as well as any aid paid out to any one of the entities constituting the single economic unit benefiting from that aid in further implementation of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 that the Commission has not been made aware of or that is paid out after the date of this Decision.


2. [DA], [DC], […] European Food […], […] Starmill […], […] Multipack, European Drinks […], Rieni Drinks […], Scandic Distilleries […], Transilvania General Import- Export […] and West Leasing […] shall be jointly liable to repay the State aid received by any one of them.


[…]


7. Romania shall ensure that no further payments of the aid referred to in Article 1 shall be effected with effect from the date of adoption of this Decision.


Article 3


1. Recovery of the aid referred to in Article 1 shall be immediate and effective.


2. Romania shall ensure that this Decision is implemented within four months following the date of notification of this Decision.


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[…]

Article 5

This Decision is addressed to Romania.’
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[…]


Article 5


This Decision is addressed to Romania.’

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On the same day, FC, European Food, Starmill and Multipack appealed against the part of the judgment dismissing their voluntary intervention as inadmissible. Furthermore, they applied to intervene voluntarily in the appeal proceedings brought by DA. The referring court joined the two cases on account of the connection between them.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":"pa18","paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":"pa18","paragraphLabel":"18.","rectangle":"108, 284, 394, 81","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"On 29 February 2016, DA appealed the judgment of 25 January 2016 to the cour d’appel de Bruxelles [Brussels Court of Appeal] (Belgium), the referring court. On the same day, FC, European Food, Starmill and Multipack appealed against the part of the judgment dismissing their voluntary intervention as inadmissible. 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That attachment order was therefore made on the basis of an arbitral award endorsed with an enforcement order, which Article 54 of the ICSID Convention requires each Contracting State, including the Kingdom of Belgium, to recognise and enforce.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":"pa19","paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":"pa19","paragraphLabel":"19.","rectangle":"108, 381, 394, 152","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"In its order for reference, the cour d’appel de Bruxelles [Brussels Court of Appeal], after upholding the rejection of the voluntary intervention of FC, European Food, Starmill and Multipack before the first court, but declaring admissible their voluntary intervention in the appeal proceedings, states, as regards the examination of the merits of the attachment order of 9 September 2015, that the arbitral award of 11 December 2013, which follows arbitration proceedings in which the Commission participated as amicus curiae and which has since become final, constitutes a legally enforceable title in itself. 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There is therefore a real risk of conflict between, on one hand, the"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":347,"blockId":49,"value":"decision of a national court confirming, pursuant to Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":676.51,"width":394.32,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.8,"MarginBottom":687.78,"MarginTop":676.51,"Value":"decision of a national court confirming, pursuant to Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":348,"blockId":49,"value":"Convention,","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.48,"y":690.55,"width":55.41,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":349,"blockId":49,"value":"an","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":184.1,"y":690.55,"width":10.67,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":350,"blockId":49,"value":"attachment","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":215.05,"y":690.55,"width":49.37,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":351,"blockId":49,"value":"order","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":284.64,"y":690.55,"width":23.79,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":352,"blockId":49,"value":"implementing","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":328.65,"y":690.55,"width":62.63,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":353,"blockId":49,"value":"the","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":411.54,"y":690.55,"width":13.78,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":354,"blockId":49,"value":"award","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":445.54,"y":690.55,"width":27.58,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":355,"blockId":49,"value":"of","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":493.34,"y":690.55,"width":9.46,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.79999999999995,"MarginBottom":701.8199999999999,"MarginTop":690.55,"Value":"Convention, an attachment order implementing the award of"}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":503.01}}},{"Key":42,"Value":{"pageNum":7,"columnStart":361,"columnEnd":362,"text":"11 December 2013 and, on the other hand, Decision 2015/1470, which is the subject of an action pending before the Courts of the European Union.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":null,"paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":null,"paragraphLabel":"","rectangle":"108, 74, 394, 25","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"11 December 2013 and, on the other hand, Decision 2015/1470, which is the subject of an action pending before the Courts of the European Union.","averageFontSize":11.0,"rowsOfText":2,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":361,"blockId":50,"value":"11 December 2013 and, on the other hand, Decision 2015/1470, which is the subject of","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":108.48,"y":74.41,"width":394.05,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.53000000000003,"MarginBottom":85.67999999999999,"MarginTop":74.41,"Value":"11 December 2013 and, on the other hand, Decision 2015/1470, which is the subject of"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":362,"blockId":50,"value":"an action pending before the Courts of the European Union.","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":108.48,"y":88.45,"width":269.89,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":378.37,"MarginBottom":99.72,"MarginTop":88.45,"Value":"an action pending before the Courts of the European Union."}],"MarginLeft":108.48,"MarginRight":502.53000000000003}}},{"Key":43,"Value":{"pageNum":7,"columnStart":364,"columnEnd":385,"text":"The referring court notes, however, that, according to DA, Decision 2015/1470 does not, as such, prohibit enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 in Belgium. Indeed, in accordance with the case-law of the Court of Justice, as follows, in particular, from the judgment of 16 May 2002, France v. Commission (C-482/99, EU:C:2002:294, paragraph 24), the execution of that award would constitute ‘State aid’ within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU only if that execution is imputable to the Romanian State. However, according to that decision, that is the case only where that State voluntarily implements that award, decisions delivered by the Romanian courts and the bailiffs designated by them must be, for their part, regarded as imputable to the Romanian State. In contrast, if Romania is compelled by a court of another Member State to enforce the arbitration award at issue, that enforcement would not constitute ‘State aid’ within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU. Such enforcement cannot be regarded as imputable to Romania and, therefore, does not infringe that decision. Under Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID Convention, that Member State does not, moreover, have any autonomy as regards the enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":"pa21","paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":"pa21","paragraphLabel":"21.","rectangle":"107, 120, 395, 212","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"The referring court notes, however, that, according to DA, Decision 2015/1470 does not, as such, prohibit enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 in Belgium. Indeed, in accordance with the case-law of the Court of Justice, as follows, in particular, from the judgment of 16 May 2002, France v. Commission (C-482/99, EU:C:2002:294, paragraph 24), the execution of that award would constitute ‘State aid’ within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU only if that execution is imputable to the Romanian State. However, according to that decision, that is the case only where that State voluntarily implements that award, decisions delivered by the Romanian courts and the bailiffs designated by them must be, for their part, regarded as imputable to the Romanian State. In contrast, if Romania is compelled by a court of another Member State to enforce the arbitration award at issue, that enforcement would not constitute ‘State aid’ within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU. Such enforcement cannot be regarded as imputable to Romania and, therefore, does not infringe that decision. Under Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID Convention, that Member State does not, moreover, have any autonomy as regards the enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013.","averageFontSize":11.0,"rowsOfText":16,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":364,"blockId":51,"value":"The referring court notes, however, that, according to DA, Decision 2015/1470 does","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":120.49,"width":395.08,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.96,"MarginBottom":131.76,"MarginTop":120.49,"Value":"The referring court notes, however, that, according to DA, Decision 2015/1470 does"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":365,"blockId":51,"value":"not,","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":133.87,"width":17.27,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":366,"blockId":51,"value":"as","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":130.68,"y":133.87,"width":9.37,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":367,"blockId":51,"value":"such, prohibit enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 in","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":145.56,"y":133.87,"width":357.1,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.66,"MarginBottom":145.14000000000001,"MarginTop":133.87,"Value":"not, as such, prohibit enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 in"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":368,"blockId":51,"value":"Belgium. 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In those circumstances, the Cour d’appel de Bruxelles decided to stay proceedings and refer the following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling:

“1) Is Decision (EU) 2015/1470 of the European Commission of 30 March 2015 on State aid SA.38517 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) to be understood as referring to payments due from Romania even in a case where payments are recovered against Romania as a result of proceedings to enforce the ICSID arbitral award of 11 December 2013 brought before the courts of a Member State other than Romania?

2) Does EU law itself automatically require a court of a Member State (other than Romania), before which an action is brought to oppose proceedings for the enforcement of an ICSID arbitral award which has the force of res judicata according to the national procedural rules of that Member State, to reject that award, for the sole reason that a non-definitive decision of the European Commission adopted after the date of the award considers enforcement of that award to be contrary to the EU State aid regime?

3) Does EU law, in particular the principle of cooperation in good faith and the principle of res judicata, allow the national court of a Member State (other than Romania) not to comply with its international obligations under the ICSID Convention in a situation where the European Commission has adopted a decision after the date of that award, under which enforcement of the award is regarded as contrary to the EU State aid regime, even when the European
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In those circumstances, the Cour d’appel de Bruxelles decided to stay proceedings and refer the following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling:


“1) Is Decision (EU) 2015/1470 of the European Commission of 30 March 2015 on State aid SA.38517 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) to be understood as referring to payments due from Romania even in a case where payments are recovered against Romania as a result of proceedings to enforce the ICSID arbitral award of 11 December 2013 brought before the courts of a Member State other than Romania?


2) Does EU law itself automatically require a court of a Member State (other than Romania), before which an action is brought to oppose proceedings for the enforcement of an ICSID arbitral award which has the force of res judicata according to the national procedural rules of that Member State, to reject that award, for the sole reason that a non-definitive decision of the European Commission adopted after the date of the award considers enforcement of that award to be contrary to the EU State aid regime?


3) Does EU law, in particular the principle of cooperation in good faith and the principle of res judicata, allow the national court of a Member State (other than Romania) not to comply with its international obligations under the ICSID Convention in a situation where the European Commission has adopted a decision after the date of that award, under which enforcement of the award is regarded as contrary to the EU State aid regime, even when the European

","averageFontSize":10.998652291105122,"rowsOfText":21,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":386,"blockId":52,"value":"22","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":10.0,"color":"#060606","x":82.38,"y":352.57,"width":10.13,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null},{"type":3,"id":387,"blockId":52,"value":"In those circumstances, the Cour d’appel de Bruxelles decided to stay proceedings and","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":352.57,"width":395.12,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":82.38,"MarginRight":503.0,"MarginBottom":363.84,"MarginTop":352.57,"Value":"22 In those circumstances, the Cour d’appel de Bruxelles decided to stay proceedings and"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":388,"blockId":52,"value":"refer the following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling:","fontName":"Times New 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a","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":"pa44","paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":"pa44","paragraphLabel":"44.","rectangle":"107, 662, 395, 24","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":true,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"The answer to the second and third questions referred must therefore be that EU law, in particular Articles 267 and 344 TFEU, must be interpreted as meaning that a court of a","averageFontSize":11.0,"rowsOfText":2,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":636,"blockId":79,"value":"The answer to the second and third questions referred must therefore be that EU law, in","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":null,"x":107.88,"y":662.05,"width":395.18,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":503.06,"MarginBottom":673.3199999999999,"MarginTop":662.05,"Value":"The answer to the second and third questions referred must therefore be that EU law, in"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":637,"blockId":79,"value":"particular Articles 267 and 344 TFEU, must be interpreted as meaning that a court of a","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":107.88,"y":675.49,"width":395.03,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":502.90999999999997,"MarginBottom":686.76,"MarginTop":675.49,"Value":"particular Articles 267 and 344 TFEU, must be interpreted as meaning that a court of a"}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":503.06}}},{"Key":71,"Value":{"pageNum":11,"columnStart":643,"columnEnd":646,"text":"Member State seised of the enforcement of the arbitral award which was the subject of Decision 2015/1470 is required to set aside that award and, therefore, may not, in any event, enforce that award in order to enable its beneficiaries to obtain payment of the damages which it awards them.","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":null,"paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":null,"paragraphLabel":"","rectangle":"107, 74, 395, 51","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"Member State seised of the enforcement of the arbitral award which was the subject of Decision 2015/1470 is required to set aside that award and, therefore, may not, in any event, enforce that award in order to enable its beneficiaries to obtain payment of the damages which it awards them.","averageFontSize":11.0,"rowsOfText":4,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":643,"blockId":80,"value":"Member State seised of the enforcement of the arbitral award which was the subject of","fontName":"Times New 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11","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"In the light of that answer, there is no longer any need to answer the first question.","averageFontSize":11.0,"rowsOfText":1,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":648,"blockId":81,"value":"In the light of that answer, there is no longer any need to answer the first question.","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":139.45,"width":371.25,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":479.13,"MarginBottom":150.72,"MarginTop":139.45,"Value":"In the light of that answer, there is no longer any need to answer the first question."}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":479.13}}},{"Key":73,"Value":{"pageNum":11,"columnStart":649,"columnEnd":649,"text":"Costs 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Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court.

On those grounds, the Court (Tenth Chamber) hereby:

EU law, in particular Articles 267 and 344 TFEU, must be interpreted as meaning that a court of a Member State seised of the enforcement of the arbitral award which was the subject of Commission Decision (EU) 2015/1470 of 30 March 2015 on State aid SA.38517 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) implemented by Romania – Arbitral award in Micula v Romania of 11 December 2013, is required to set aside that award and, therefore, may not, in any event, enforce it in order to enable its beneficiaries to obtain payment of the damages which it awards them.
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":"pa46","paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":"pa46","paragraphLabel":"46.","rectangle":"107, 188, 395, 166","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court.


On those grounds, the Court (Tenth Chamber) hereby:


EU law, in particular Articles 267 and 344 TFEU, must be interpreted as meaning that a court of a Member State seised of the enforcement of the arbitral award which was the subject of Commission Decision (EU) 2015/1470 of 30 March 2015 on State aid SA.38517 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) implemented by Romania – Arbitral award in Micula v Romania of 11 December 2013, is required to set aside that award and, therefore, may not, in any event, enforce it in order to enable its beneficiaries to obtain payment of the damages which it awards them.

","averageFontSize":11.0,"rowsOfText":10,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":651,"blockId":86,"value":"Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":188.35,"width":395.18,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":503.06,"MarginBottom":199.62,"MarginTop":188.35,"Value":"Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":652,"blockId":86,"value":"pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court.","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.88,"y":201.85,"width":363.06,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":107.88,"MarginRight":470.94,"MarginBottom":213.12,"MarginTop":201.85,"Value":"pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court."},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":653,"blockId":86,"value":"On those grounds, the Court (Tenth Chamber) hereby:","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":108.0,"y":237.31,"width":244.75,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.0,"MarginRight":352.75,"MarginBottom":248.58,"MarginTop":237.31,"Value":"On those grounds, the Court (Tenth Chamber) hereby:"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":654,"blockId":86,"value":"EU law, in particular Articles 267 and 344 TFEU, must be interpreted as meaning","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":108.12,"y":263.23,"width":394.96,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":"Bold"}],"MarginLeft":108.12,"MarginRight":503.08,"MarginBottom":274.5,"MarginTop":263.23,"Value":"EU law, in particular Articles 267 and 344 TFEU, must be interpreted as meaning"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":655,"blockId":86,"value":"that a court of a Member State seised of the enforcement of the arbitral award","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.82,"y":276.67,"width":395.36,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":"Bold"}],"MarginLeft":107.82,"MarginRight":503.18,"MarginBottom":287.94,"MarginTop":276.67,"Value":"that a court of a Member State seised of the enforcement of the arbitral award"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":656,"blockId":86,"value":"which was the subject of Commission Decision (EU) 2015/1470 of 30 March 2015","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.82,"y":290.17,"width":395.4,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":"Bold"}],"MarginLeft":107.82,"MarginRight":503.21999999999997,"MarginBottom":301.44,"MarginTop":290.17,"Value":"which was the subject of Commission Decision (EU) 2015/1470 of 30 March 2015"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":657,"blockId":86,"value":"on State aid SA.38517 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) implemented by Romania – Arbitral","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.82,"y":303.55,"width":395.43,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":"Bold"}],"MarginLeft":107.82,"MarginRight":503.25,"MarginBottom":314.82,"MarginTop":303.55,"Value":"on State aid SA.38517 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) implemented by Romania – Arbitral"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":658,"blockId":86,"value":"award in Micula v Romania of 11 December 2013, is required to set aside that","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.82,"y":317.05,"width":395.44,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":"Bold"}],"MarginLeft":107.82,"MarginRight":503.26,"MarginBottom":328.32,"MarginTop":317.05,"Value":"award in Micula v Romania of 11 December 2013, is required to set aside that"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":659,"blockId":86,"value":"award and, therefore, may not, in any event, enforce it in order","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.82,"y":330.43,"width":328.2,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":"Bold"},{"type":3,"id":660,"blockId":86,"value":"to","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":441.06,"y":330.43,"width":9.36,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":"Bold"},{"type":3,"id":661,"blockId":86,"value":"enable its","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":455.52,"y":330.43,"width":47.64,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":"Bold"}],"MarginLeft":107.82,"MarginRight":503.15999999999997,"MarginBottom":341.7,"MarginTop":330.43,"Value":"award and, therefore, may not, in any event, enforce it in order to enable its"},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":662,"blockId":86,"value":"beneficiaries to obtain payment of the damages which it awards them.","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":107.82,"y":343.93,"width":335.22,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":"Bold"}],"MarginLeft":107.82,"MarginRight":443.04,"MarginBottom":355.2,"MarginTop":343.93,"Value":"beneficiaries to obtain payment of the damages which it awards them."}],"MarginLeft":107.82,"MarginRight":503.26}}},{"Key":76,"Value":{"pageNum":11,"columnStart":663,"columnEnd":664,"text":"
Luxembourg, 21 September 2022.

The Registrar
A. Calot Escobar

President of the Xth Chamber
I. Jarukaitis
","indentLevel":1,"paragraphIdUser":null,"paragraphIdAuto":null,"paragraphId":null,"paragraphLabel":"","rectangle":"108, 404, 154, 34","alignment":0,"blockType":3,"joinedToNextBlock":false,"concatenateText":true,"spacesBeforePx":0,"spacesAfterPx":0,"imageBase64":null,"paragraphIdOverride":false,"htmlEditorText":"

Luxembourg, 21 September 2022.


The Registrar

A. Calot Escobar


President of the Xth Chamber

I. Jarukaitis

","averageFontSize":11.0,"rowsOfText":2,"IsCentered":false,"IsBold":false,"PdfBlock":{"rows":[{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":663,"blockId":87,"value":"Luxembourg, 21 September 2022.","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#090909","x":108.0,"y":404.71,"width":154.26,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.0,"MarginRight":262.26,"MarginBottom":415.97999999999996,"MarginTop":404.71,"Value":"Luxembourg, 21 September 2022."},{"columns":[{"type":3,"id":664,"blockId":87,"value":"The Registrar","fontName":"Times New Roman","fontSize":11.0,"color":"#060606","x":108.18,"y":428.23,"width":61.65,"height":11.27,"fontStyle":null}],"MarginLeft":108.18,"MarginRight":169.83,"MarginBottom":439.5,"MarginTop":428.23,"Value":"The Registrar"}],"MarginLeft":108.0,"MarginRight":262.26}}}],"OrderedListOfDocumentBlocksBlockManager":[{"BlockID":1,"ID":"","Type":"Title","Text":" INSIGNIA]"},{"BlockID":2,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"Order of the COURT (Tenth Chamber)"},{"BlockID":3,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"21 September 2022 *"},{"BlockID":4,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"(Reference for a preliminary ruling – Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice –State aid – Articles 107 and 108 TFEU– Bilateral investment treaty–Arbitration clause– Romania – Arbitration award awarding damages – Decision of the European Commission declaring that that payment constitutes State aid incompatible with the internal market and ordering its recovery – Enforcement of the arbitral award before a court of a Member State other than1 – Member State to which the decision is addressed – Infringement of EU law – Article 19 TEU – Articles 267 and 344 TFEU – Autonomy of EU law)"},{"BlockID":5,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"In Case C-333/19,"},{"BlockID":6,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"request for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU from the cour d’appel de Bruxelles (Court of Appeal, Brussels, Belgium), made by decision of 12 March 2019, received at the Court on 24 April 2019, in the proceedings"},{"BlockID":7,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"DA "},{"BlockID":8,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"against"},{"BlockID":9,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"
Romanian Air Traffic Services Administration (Romatsa), Romania,

European Commission.

European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol),

FC,

European Food SA,
"},{"BlockID":10,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"
Starmill SRL,

Multipack SRL,
"},{"BlockID":11,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"and"},{"BlockID":12,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"
FC,

European Food SA,

Starmill SRL,

Multipack SRL Romanian Air Traffic Services Administration (Romatsa),

Romania,

DA,

European Commission;

European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol),
"},{"BlockID":13,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"The Court (Tenth Chamber),"},{"BlockID":14,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"
composed of I. Jarukaitis, President of the Chamber, E. Regan, President of the Fifth Chamber (Rapporteur), and M. Ilesic, Judge,

Advocate General: M. Szpunar,

Registrar: A. Calot Escobar,

having decided, after hearing the Advocate General, to give a decision by reasoned order, in accordance with Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court,

makes the following
"},{"BlockID":15,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"Order "},{"BlockID":16,"ID":"pa1","Type":"Textblock","Text":"The request for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Commission Decision (EU) 2015/1470 of 30 March 2015 on State aid SA.38517 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) implemented by Romania – Arbitration award in Micula v Romania of 11 December 2013 (OJ 2015 L 232, p. 43) and the general principles of EU law,"},{"BlockID":17,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"in particular those of sincere cooperation and res judicata."},{"BlockID":18,"ID":"pa2","Type":"Textblock","Text":"This request has been made in proceedings between DA and FC, Swedish nationals residing in Romania, as well as European Food SA, Starmill SRL and Multipack SRL, companies controlled by them, and Romanian Air Traffic Services Administration (Romatsa), Romania, the European Commission and the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol) concerning an attachment order that DA served on Eurocontrol, for the responsibility of Romania, in Belgium on the basis of an arbitration award."},{"BlockID":19,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"
The legal framework

International law

ICSID Convention
"},{"BlockID":20,"ID":"pa3","Type":"Textblock","Text":"
The Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, concluded in Washington on 18 March 1965 (‘the ICSID Convention’), which entered into force with respect to Romania on 12 October 1975, provides in Article 53(1):

‘The award shall be binding on the parties and shall not be subject to any appeal or to any other remedy except those provided for in this Convention. Each party shall abide by and comply with the terms of the award …’
"},{"BlockID":21,"ID":"pa4","Type":"Textblock","Text":"
Article 54(1) of the ICSID Convention provides:

‘Each Contracting State shall recognise an award rendered pursuant to this Convention as binding and enforce the pecuniary obligations imposed by that award within its territories as if it were a final judgment of a court in that State …’
The BIT
"},{"BlockID":22,"ID":"pa5","Type":"Textblock","Text":"
The Bilateral Investment Treaty concluded on 29 May 2002 between the Swedish Government and the Romanian Government on the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments (‘the BIT’), which entered into force on 1 July 2003, provides, in Article 2(3):

‘Each Contracting Party shall at all times ensure fair and equitable treatment of the investments by investors of the other Contracting Party and shall not impair, by means of arbitrary or discriminatory measures, the administration, management, maintenance, use, enjoyment or disposal thereof by those investors’.
"},{"BlockID":23,"ID":"pa6","Type":"Textblock","Text":"Article 7 of the BIT provides that any dispute between investors and the Contracting Parties is to be settled, inter alia, by an arbitral tribunal which applies the ICSID Convention."},{"BlockID":24,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"Union law "},{"BlockID":25,"ID":"pa7","Type":"Textblock","Text":"
Decision 2015/1470, adopted by the Commission on the basis of, inter alia, Article 108(2) TFEU, states:

‘Article 1

The payment of the compensation awarded by the arbitral tribunal […] by award of 11 December 2013 in Case No ARB/05/20 Micula a.o. v Romania to the single economic unit comprising, [DA], [FC], […] European Food […], […] Starmill […], […] Multipack, European Drinks SA, Rieni Drinks SA, Scandic Distilleries SA, Transilvania General Import-Export SRL and West Leasing International SRL constitutes State aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) [TFEU] which is incompatible with the internal market.

Article 2

1. Romania shall not pay out any incompatible aid referred to in Article 1 and shall recover any incompatible aid referred to in Article 1 which has already been paid out to any one of the entities constituting the single economic unit benefiting from that aid in partial implementation or execution of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013, as well as any aid paid out to any one of the entities constituting the single economic unit benefiting from that aid in further implementation of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 that the Commission has not been made aware of or that is paid out after the date of this Decision.

2. [DA], [DC], […] European Food […], […] Starmill […], […] Multipack, European Drinks […], Rieni Drinks […], Scandic Distilleries […], Transilvania General Import- Export […] and West Leasing […] shall be jointly liable to repay the State aid received by any one of them.

[…]

7. Romania shall ensure that no further payments of the aid referred to in Article 1 shall be effected with effect from the date of adoption of this Decision.

Article 3

1. Recovery of the aid referred to in Article 1 shall be immediate and effective.

2. Romania shall ensure that this Decision is implemented within four months following the date of notification of this Decision.

"},{"BlockID":26,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"

[…]

Article 5

This Decision is addressed to Romania.’
"},{"BlockID":27,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"The dispute in the main proceedings and the preliminary questions "},{"BlockID":28,"ID":"pa8","Type":"Textblock","Text":"By the arbitral award of 11 December 2013, an arbitral tribunal, constituted in the context of the ICSID Convention in accordance with the arbitration clause provided for in Article 7 of the BIT, awarded DA and FC as well as European Food, Starmill and Multipack, on the ground of Romania’s infringement of Article 2(3) of the BIT, damages and interests against that State in the principal sum of 376 433 229 Romanian lei ( RON) (approximately EUR 78 million), increased with interest up to the date of full implementation of that award by Romania. Consequently, the total amount owed by Romania on 11 December 2013 was RON 791 882 452 (approximately EUR 164 000 000)."},{"BlockID":29,"ID":"pa9","Type":"Textblock","Text":"On 18 April 2014, Romania brought an action before an ad hoc committee of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) seeking the annulment of that arbitral award."},{"BlockID":30,"ID":"pa10","Type":"Textblock","Text":"On 30 March 2015, the Commission adopted Decision 2015/1470."},{"BlockID":31,"ID":"pa11","Type":"Textblock","Text":"On 2 July 2015, the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 was given executory effect, in accordance with the Belgian legislation approving the ICSID Convention."},{"BlockID":32,"ID":"pa12","Type":"Textblock","Text":"On 19 August 2015, DA served that award on Romania."},{"BlockID":33,"ID":"pa13","Type":"Textblock","Text":"On 9 September 2015, DA served an attachment order on Eurocontrol, whose registered office is in Brussels (Belgium), in respect of claims which the latter has or will have against Romania, represented in particular through Romatsa, in order to obtain payment of EUR 85 066 428,42."},{"BlockID":34,"ID":"pa14","Type":"Textblock","Text":"By summons opposing an attachment order of 23 and 24 September 2015 respectively, Romatsa and Romania brought an action before the Chamber for Applications of the Tribunal de première instance francophone de Bruxelles [French-speaking Court of First Instance of Brussels] (Belgium) seeking the lifting of the seizure carried out by DA. The Commission, Eurocontrol, FC, European Food, Starmill and Multipack applied for voluntary intervention in these procedures."},{"BlockID":35,"ID":"pa15","Type":"Textblock","Text":"By applications lodged at the Registry of the General Court of the European Union on 6, 30 and 28 November 2015 respectively, European Food, Starmill, Multipack and Scandic Distilleries, another company controlled by DA and FC, in"},{"BlockID":36,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"Case T-624/15, DA, in Case T-694/15, and FC and European Drinks, Rieni Drinks, Transilvania General Import-Export and West Leasing International, all companies also controlled by DA and FC, in Case T-704/15, each brought an action under Article 263 TFEU for annulment of Decision 2015/1470."},{"BlockID":37,"ID":"pa16","Type":"Textblock","Text":"By judgment of 25 January 2016, the tribunal de première instance francophone de Bruxelles [French-speaking Court of First Instance of Brussels] (Belgium), upholding the applications of Romatsa and Romania, ordered that the attachment at issue be lifted. The voluntary intervention of FC, European Food, Starmill and Multipack was rejected as inadmissible."},{"BlockID":38,"ID":"pa17","Type":"Textblock","Text":"By decision of 26 February 2016, the ICSID Ad Hoc Committee dismissed Romania’s action for annulment of the Award of 11 December 2013, with the result that the Award became final."},{"BlockID":39,"ID":"pa18","Type":"Textblock","Text":"On 29 February 2016, DA appealed the judgment of 25 January 2016 to the cour d’appel de Bruxelles [Brussels Court of Appeal] (Belgium), the referring court. On the same day, FC, European Food, Starmill and Multipack appealed against the part of the judgment dismissing their voluntary intervention as inadmissible. Furthermore, they applied to intervene voluntarily in the appeal proceedings brought by DA. The referring court joined the two cases on account of the connection between them."},{"BlockID":40,"ID":"pa19","Type":"Textblock","Text":"In its order for reference, the cour d’appel de Bruxelles [Brussels Court of Appeal], after upholding the rejection of the voluntary intervention of FC, European Food, Starmill and Multipack before the first court, but declaring admissible their voluntary intervention in the appeal proceedings, states, as regards the examination of the merits of the attachment order of 9 September 2015, that the arbitral award of 11 December 2013, which follows arbitration proceedings in which the Commission participated as amicus curiae and which has since become final, constitutes a legally enforceable title in itself. That attachment order was therefore made on the basis of an arbitral award endorsed with an enforcement order, which Article 54 of the ICSID Convention requires each Contracting State, including the Kingdom of Belgium, to recognise and enforce."},{"BlockID":41,"ID":"pa20","Type":"Textblock","Text":"However, the referring court observes that a fait du prince constitutes an external cause which acts as a discharge capable of justifying the failure of a debtor to pay a creditor with a valid enforcement order. In the present case, however, Decision 2015/1470 is presented as a major obstacle to the enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013. That decision, adopted after the latter, prohibits Romania from implementing that award, since that decision considers that the payment of the damages awarded by that award constitutes ‘State aid’, within the meaning of Article 107 (I) TFEU, incompatible with the internal market, and requires Romania to recover the amounts of aid already paid. There is therefore a real risk of conflict between, on one hand, the decision of a national court confirming, pursuant to Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID Convention, an attachment order implementing the award of"},{"BlockID":42,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"11 December 2013 and, on the other hand, Decision 2015/1470, which is the subject of an action pending before the Courts of the European Union."},{"BlockID":43,"ID":"pa21","Type":"Textblock","Text":"The referring court notes, however, that, according to DA, Decision 2015/1470 does not, as such, prohibit enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013 in Belgium. Indeed, in accordance with the case-law of the Court of Justice, as follows, in particular, from the judgment of 16 May 2002, France v. Commission (C-482/99, EU:C:2002:294, paragraph 24), the execution of that award would constitute ‘State aid’ within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU only if that execution is imputable to the Romanian State. However, according to that decision, that is the case only where that State voluntarily implements that award, decisions delivered by the Romanian courts and the bailiffs designated by them must be, for their part, regarded as imputable to the Romanian State. In contrast, if Romania is compelled by a court of another Member State to enforce the arbitration award at issue, that enforcement would not constitute ‘State aid’ within the meaning of Article 107(1) TFEU. Such enforcement cannot be regarded as imputable to Romania and, therefore, does not infringe that decision. Under Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID Convention, that Member State does not, moreover, have any autonomy as regards the enforcement of the arbitral award of 11 December 2013."},{"BlockID":44,"ID":"pa22","Type":"Textblock","Text":"
In those circumstances, the Cour d’appel de Bruxelles decided to stay proceedings and refer the following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling:

“1) Is Decision (EU) 2015/1470 of the European Commission of 30 March 2015 on State aid SA.38517 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) to be understood as referring to payments due from Romania even in a case where payments are recovered against Romania as a result of proceedings to enforce the ICSID arbitral award of 11 December 2013 brought before the courts of a Member State other than Romania?

2) Does EU law itself automatically require a court of a Member State (other than Romania), before which an action is brought to oppose proceedings for the enforcement of an ICSID arbitral award which has the force of res judicata according to the national procedural rules of that Member State, to reject that award, for the sole reason that a non-definitive decision of the European Commission adopted after the date of the award considers enforcement of that award to be contrary to the EU State aid regime?

3) Does EU law, in particular the principle of cooperation in good faith and the principle of res judicata, allow the national court of a Member State (other than Romania) not to comply with its international obligations under the ICSID Convention in a situation where the European Commission has adopted a decision after the date of that award, under which enforcement of the award is regarded as contrary to the EU State aid regime, even when the European
"},{"BlockID":45,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"Commission participated in the arbitration proceedings (including the action for annulment of the award) and put forward its case in relation to the EU State aid regime?"},{"BlockID":46,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"Developments subsequent to the request for a preliminary ruling "},{"BlockID":47,"ID":"pa23","Type":"Textblock","Text":"By judgment of 18 June 2019, European Food and Others v Commission (T-624/15, T-694/15 and T-704/15, EU:T:2019:423), the General Court annulled Decision 2015/1470 on the ground that, in essence, the Commission lacked competence ratione temporis to adopt that decision under Article 108 TFEU."},{"BlockID":48,"ID":"pa24","Type":"Textblock","Text":"On 27 August 2019, the Commission brought an appeal before the Court of Justice seeking to have that judgment set aside."},{"BlockID":49,"ID":"pa25","Type":"Textblock","Text":"By decision of 5 September 2019, the President of the Court of Justice stayed the proceedings in the present case pending delivery of the judgment on that appeal."},{"BlockID":50,"ID":"pa26","Type":"Textblock","Text":"By judgment of 25 January 2022, Commission v European Food and Others (C-638/19 P, EU:C:2022:50), the Court of Justice set aside the judgment of 18 June 2019, European Food and Others v Commission (T-624/15, T-694/15 and T-704/15, EU:T:2019:423), and referred the case back to the General Court for judgment on the pleas in law and arguments raised before it on which the Court of Justice did not rule."},{"BlockID":51,"ID":"pa27","Type":"Textblock","Text":"On 28 January 2022, the judgment of 25 January 2022, Commission v European Food and Others (C-638/19 P, EU:C:2022:50), was notified to the cour d’appel de Bruxelles [Brussels Court of Appeal], asking it whether, in the light of that judgment, and in particular paragraphs 137 to 145 thereof, it wished to maintain its request for a preliminary ruling."},{"BlockID":52,"ID":"pa28","Type":"Textblock","Text":"By letter dated 14 June 2022, received at the Court on 15 June 2022, that court stated that, in the interests of the proper administration of justice, it was maintaining that request."},{"BlockID":53,"ID":"pa29","Type":"Textblock","Text":"By decision of the President of the Court of 22 June 2022, it was decided, after hearing the Reporting Judge and the Advocate General, not to notify the present reference for a preliminary ruling to the interested parties referred to in Article 23 of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union."},{"BlockID":54,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"The questions referred "},{"BlockID":55,"ID":"pa30","Type":"Textblock","Text":"Under Article 99 of its Rules of Procedure, the Court may, in particular where an answer to a question referred for a preliminary ruling may be clearly deduced from existing case-law or where the answer to the question referred leaves no reasonable doubt, decide at any time, on a proposal from the Reporting Judge and after hearing the Advocate General, to give a decision by reasoned order."},{"BlockID":56,"ID":"pa31","Type":"Textblock","Text":"That provision must be applied in the present case."},{"BlockID":57,"ID":"pa32","Type":"Textblock","Text":"By its second and third questions, which it is appropriate to examine together and in the first place, the referring court asks, in essence, whether EU law must be interpreted as meaning that a court of a Member State seised of the forced enforcement of the arbitral award which was the subject of Decision 2015/1470 is required to set aside that award."},{"BlockID":58,"ID":"pa33","Type":"Textblock","Text":"In that regard, it should be borne in mind that, according to the case-law of the Court, Articles 267 and 344 TFEU preclude a provision contained in an international agreement concluded between two Member States under which an investor of one of those Member States may, in the event of a dispute concerning investments in another Member State, bring proceedings against the latter Member State before an arbitral tribunal, whose jurisdiction that Member State has obliged to accept (judgments of 6 March 2018, Achmea, C-284/16, EU:C:2018:158, paragraph 60, and of 25 January 2022, Commission v European Food and Others, C-638/19 P, EU:C:2022:50, paragraph 138)."},{"BlockID":59,"ID":"pa34","Type":"Textblock","Text":"By concluding such an agreement, the Member States which are parties to it agree to remove from the jurisdiction of their own courts and, therefore, from the system of judicial remedies which the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU requires them to establish in the fields covered by EU law, disputes which may concern the application or interpretation of EU law. Such an agreement is therefore liable to result in a situation in which those disputes are not settled in a way that ensures the full effectiveness of that law (judgments of 26 October 2021, PL Holdings, C-109/20, EU:C:2021:875, paragraph 45, and of 25 January 2022, Commission v European Food and Others, C-638/19 P, EU:C:2022:50, paragraph 139)."},{"BlockID":60,"ID":"pa35","Type":"Textblock","Text":"In the present case, as from 1 January 2007, the date of Romania’s accession to the European Union, EU law, in particular Articles 107 and 108 TFEU, was applicable to that Member State. It is, moreover, common ground that the compensation sought by the arbitration applicants which gave rise to the arbitration award of 11 December 2013, which is the subject of Decision 2015/1470, did not relate exclusively to the damage allegedly suffered before that date of accession. Consequently, the dispute before the arbitral tribunal cannot be regarded as being confined in its entirety to a period during which Romania, which had not yet acceded to the European Union, was not yet bound by the rules and principles referred to in paragraphs 33 and 34 of the present order (see, to that effect, judgment of 25 January 2022, Commission v European Food and Others, C-638/19 P, EU:C:2022:50, paragraph 140)."},{"BlockID":61,"ID":"pa36","Type":"Textblock","Text":"As the Court has already held, the arbitral tribunal to which that dispute was brought does not belong to the judicial system of the European Union which the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU requires Member States to establish in the fields covered by European Union law, which, as from Romania’s accession to the European Union, has replaced the mechanism for resolving disputes which may concern the interpretation or application of EU law (judgment of 25 January 2022,"},{"BlockID":62,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"Commission v European Food and Others, C-638/19 P, EU:C:2022:50, paragraph 141)."},{"BlockID":63,"ID":"pa37","Type":"Textblock","Text":"On one hand, that arbitral tribunal does not constitute a ‘court or tribunal of one of the Member States’ within the meaning of Article 267 TFEU and, on the other, the arbitral award made by that tribunal is not subject, in accordance with Articles 53 and 54 of the ICSID Convention, to any review by a court of a Member State as to its compliance with EU law (judgment of 25 January 2022, Commission v European Food and Others, C-638/19 P, EU:C:2022:50, paragraph 142)."},{"BlockID":64,"ID":"pa38","Type":"Textblock","Text":"That finding is not capable of being called into question by the fact that Romania had consented to the possibility that a dispute might be brought against it under the arbitration procedure provided for by the BIT (judgment of 25 January 2022, Commission v European Food and Others, C-638/19 P, EU:C:2022:50, paragraph 143)."},{"BlockID":65,"ID":"pa39","Type":"Textblock","Text":"Such consent, unlike that which would have been given in the context of commercial arbitration proceedings, does not have its origin in a specific agreement reflecting the autonomy of the parties in question, but is the result of a treaty concluded between two States, in the context of which they have, generally and in advance, consented to exclude from the jurisdiction of their own courts disputes which may concern the interpretation or application of EU law in favour of arbitration proceedings (judgment of 25 January 2022, Commission v European Food and Others, C-638/19 P, EU:C:2022:50, paragraph 144 and the case-law cited)."},{"BlockID":66,"ID":"pa40","Type":"Textblock","Text":"In those circumstances, since, as from Romania’s accession to the European Union, the system of judicial remedies provided for in the EU and FEU Treaties replaced that arbitration procedure, the consent given by that State to that effect is now devoid of any purpose (judgment of 25 January 2022, Commission v European Food and Others, C-638/19 P, EU:C:2022:50, paragraph 145)."},{"BlockID":67,"ID":"pa41","Type":"Textblock","Text":"It follows that the arbitration clause provided by the BIT, in so far as it formed the basis of the arbitration award which is the subject of Decision 2015/1470, called into question the preservation of the specific nature of EU law ensured by the preliminary ruling procedure, in breach of the principles of sincere cooperation and the autonomy of EU law (see, to that effect, judgments of 6 March 2018, Achmea, C-284/16, EU:C:2018:158, paragraphs 58 and 59, and of 26 October 2021, PL Holdings, C- 109/20,EU:C:2021:875, paragraph 46)."},{"BlockID":68,"ID":"pa42","Type":"Textblock","Text":"Consequently, that arbitral award must be regarded as incompatible with EU law, in particular Articles 267 and 344 TFEU."},{"BlockID":69,"ID":"pa43","Type":"Textblock","Text":"Such an award cannot therefore produce any effect and thus cannot be enforced in order to pay the compensation awarded by it."},{"BlockID":70,"ID":"pa44","Type":"Textblock","Text":"The answer to the second and third questions referred must therefore be that EU law, in particular Articles 267 and 344 TFEU, must be interpreted as meaning that a court of a"},{"BlockID":71,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"Member State seised of the enforcement of the arbitral award which was the subject of Decision 2015/1470 is required to set aside that award and, therefore, may not, in any event, enforce that award in order to enable its beneficiaries to obtain payment of the damages which it awards them."},{"BlockID":72,"ID":"pa45","Type":"Textblock","Text":"In the light of that answer, there is no longer any need to answer the first question."},{"BlockID":73,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"Costs "},{"BlockID":75,"ID":"pa46","Type":"Textblock","Text":"
Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court.

On those grounds, the Court (Tenth Chamber) hereby:

EU law, in particular Articles 267 and 344 TFEU, must be interpreted as meaning that a court of a Member State seised of the enforcement of the arbitral award which was the subject of Commission Decision (EU) 2015/1470 of 30 March 2015 on State aid SA.38517 (2014/C) (ex 2014/NN) implemented by Romania – Arbitral award in Micula v Romania of 11 December 2013, is required to set aside that award and, therefore, may not, in any event, enforce it in order to enable its beneficiaries to obtain payment of the damages which it awards them.
"},{"BlockID":76,"ID":null,"Type":"Textblock","Text":"
Luxembourg, 21 September 2022.

The Registrar
A. Calot Escobar

President of the Xth Chamber
I. Jarukaitis
"}]}